WEBVTT NOTE Machine transcript of the film's sound; not yet checked. 1 00:00:43.750 --> 00:00:44.810 Our sun, the 2 00:00:51.630 --> 00:00:55.390 original H-bomb, the original source of nuclear fusion. 3 00:00:56.470 --> 00:01:02.420 The origin of all energy on Earth, billions of years the 4 00:01:02.420 --> 00:01:03.720 only source of heat. 5 00:01:03.900 --> 00:01:07.660 It fostered all life, it nourished all growth. 6 00:01:09.740 --> 00:01:14.580 Hotter than white hot, fusing infinitesimal atoms at millions of degrees. 7 00:01:14.980 --> 00:01:20.480 Its nuclear explosions thrust searing tentacles 300,000 miles 8 00:01:20.480 --> 00:01:22.940 long into the cold wastes of space. 9 00:01:23.640 --> 00:01:26.900 Little wonder that early man made it his god. 10 00:01:28.640 --> 00:01:31.140 If there ever were a total eclipse, 11 00:01:31.500 --> 00:01:34.960 one cutting off the sun's light and its heat as well, 12 00:01:35.180 --> 00:01:37.660 not for a few moments, but forever, 13 00:01:38.400 --> 00:01:41.120 there would be nothing left living on earth. 14 00:01:42.180 --> 00:01:45.140 But we are spared this frozen desolation, 15 00:01:45.180 --> 00:01:47.340 this eternal barren waste, 16 00:01:47.900 --> 00:01:49.380 for we have heat, 17 00:01:50.080 --> 00:01:52.340 man's most important single resource. 18 00:01:54.160 --> 00:01:59.160 History waited until man learned he could make fire, could control heat. 19 00:01:59.380 --> 00:02:04.640 And today's world is only possible because of heat's scientific application to 20 00:02:04.640 --> 00:02:06.740 practically every industrial process. 21 00:02:07.340 --> 00:02:10.540 But what is heat? It is energy. 22 00:02:10.760 --> 00:02:14.100 It can be turned into many other forms of energy. 23 00:02:14.540 --> 00:02:18.560 It drives steam turbines to provide mechanical energy. 24 00:02:24.560 --> 00:02:29.340 converted into chemical energy it literally can move mountains 25 00:02:29.340 --> 00:02:34.980 as electrical energy it lights 26 00:02:34.980 --> 00:02:39.560 our homes powers our commerce our industry to 27 00:02:41.480 --> 00:02:44.560 control valuable heat through insulation we 28 00:02:44.560 --> 00:02:50.300 must begin by studying the ways it can escape the three methods of heat transfer 29 00:02:50.300 --> 00:02:52.140 first by 30 00:02:52.140 --> 00:02:57.300 radiation. Radiant heat, part of the spectrum of electromagnetic energy, 31 00:02:57.620 --> 00:02:59.180 travels as a wave. 32 00:02:59.620 --> 00:03:05.500 Like light, it can move through a vacuum. Like light, it travels in a 33 00:03:05.500 --> 00:03:06.500 straight line 34 00:03:06.460 --> 00:03:11.840 at 186,000 miles a second. Put an obstruction in its way, 35 00:03:12.000 --> 00:03:14.560 and a hot light cannot melt ice 36 00:03:14.560 --> 00:03:18.600 that it doesn't hit. Only the exposed surface melts. 37 00:03:18.840 --> 00:03:20.620 The part in shadow is 38 00:03:20.620 --> 00:03:22.100 virtually unaffected. 39 00:03:27.360 --> 00:03:31.480 Secondly, heat is transferred by conduction through solid 40 00:03:31.480 --> 00:03:36.040 materials. Allow steam to pass inside a metal pipe. 41 00:03:36.400 --> 00:03:38.320 The heat travels quickly 42 00:03:38.320 --> 00:03:42.000 through the metal to the outside. That 43 00:03:45.330 --> 00:03:47.550 heat conduction occurs at different 44 00:03:47.550 --> 00:03:52.170 rates of speed through different materials is readily apparent in this 45 00:03:52.170 --> 00:03:58.370 demonstration. Identical sized bars of different metals are heated at one end 46 00:03:58.370 --> 00:04:03.270 by the same heat source. The difference in time it takes their wax coating to 47 00:04:03.270 --> 00:04:06.750 melt illustrates the wide variation in conduction. 48 00:04:07.210 --> 00:04:11.850 We can use shadowgraphs to 49 00:04:11.850 --> 00:04:16.810 illustrate the third method of heat transfer, convection, or the movement of 50 00:04:16.810 --> 00:04:19.270 air from one temperature region to another. 51 00:04:20.330 --> 00:04:23.070 We can feel the intense heat waves well 52 00:04:23.070 --> 00:04:26.270 above any visible flame, just as we can 53 00:04:26.270 --> 00:04:28.550 feel heat rising from a radiator. 54 00:04:31.850 --> 00:04:34.890 By using a powerful light source to silhouette 55 00:04:34.890 --> 00:04:38.870 that heat onto a screen, we can see and study 56 00:04:38.870 --> 00:04:41.090 this rising torrent of hot air. 57 00:04:41.490 --> 00:04:46.720 Cold air in this shadowgraph of a piece of ice 58 00:04:46.720 --> 00:04:50.720 spills downward, being heavier than the air about it. 59 00:04:53.680 --> 00:04:55.680 The circulation set up by 60 00:04:55.680 --> 00:05:01.000 these movements of heat causing upward currents and cold causing downward ones 61 00:05:01.000 --> 00:05:04.660 can be seen even in a so-called dead airspace. 62 00:05:05.160 --> 00:05:07.360 One face of this box is kept 63 00:05:07.360 --> 00:05:13.180 heated, the other kept cold. Air rises along the hot surface, crosses 64 00:05:13.180 --> 00:05:14.180 to the 65 00:05:13.640 --> 00:05:16.740 cold side where it is chilled and falls. 66 00:05:17.280 --> 00:05:20.320 Every round trip of this circulating air means 67 00:05:20.320 --> 00:05:24.700 a loss of heat. It is insulation's job to prevent such loss. 68 00:05:25.120 --> 00:05:31.310 By using a pipe and valve setup in 69 00:05:31.310 --> 00:05:36.430 still another shadowgraph, we can see a dramatic example of heat lost by convection. 70 00:05:39.830 --> 00:05:40.830 The shadow 71 00:05:40.790 --> 00:05:46.430 graph will not show the additional heat lost by radiation, which may be even greater. 72 00:05:48.370 --> 00:05:53.870 Insulating both sections of pipe cuts down the amount of lost heat, but only by properly 73 00:05:53.870 --> 00:05:59.170 insulating pipe and valve can heat lost by radiation, conduction, 74 00:05:59.570 --> 00:06:01.650 and convection be kept 75 00:06:01.650 --> 00:06:02.650 to a minimum. 76 00:06:03.750 --> 00:06:09.870 The proper material and the best thickness must be determined for each specific installation. 77 00:06:10.390 --> 00:06:15.810 This is part of the work of the insulation engineer who realizes that whether insulation 78 00:06:15.810 --> 00:06:21.470 is used for people's comfort and safety for fire protection to protect equipment 79 00:06:21.470 --> 00:06:27.190 or for process control it is first and foremost a way to conserve heat a 80 00:06:27.190 --> 00:06:28.190 way to 81 00:06:28.010 --> 00:06:33.920 save money all man-made heat has a price on 82 00:06:33.920 --> 00:06:36.860 it it costs money to build the 83 00:06:36.860 --> 00:06:41.400 simplest furnace it costs money to supply it with fuel 84 00:06:41.400 --> 00:06:44.380 it costs money to 85 00:06:44.380 --> 00:06:50.060 hire the people who keep it running. Thus, every unit of heat energy 86 00:06:50.060 --> 00:06:51.060 that is released 87 00:06:51.000 --> 00:06:56.790 has a definite dollar value. Now, this energy reaches 88 00:06:56.790 --> 00:07:00.130 the boiler by radiation and by convection. 89 00:07:01.750 --> 00:07:07.710 It moves through the metal boiler walls by conduction and through the water in 90 00:07:07.710 --> 00:07:08.710 the boiler 91 00:07:08.050 --> 00:07:13.890 by convection. But the furnace walls are also conductors of 92 00:07:13.890 --> 00:07:16.050 heat, so there is a loss of 93 00:07:16.050 --> 00:07:21.930 heat by conduction through the furnace walls and by convection and 94 00:07:21.930 --> 00:07:24.390 radiation outside 95 00:07:24.390 --> 00:07:30.250 the walls. The uninsulated boiler wall transfers 96 00:07:30.250 --> 00:07:34.010 heat out by conduction as easily as it transfers 97 00:07:34.010 --> 00:07:38.670 it to the water. So there is further heat loss by radiation 98 00:07:38.670 --> 00:07:43.230 and convection outside the 99 00:07:43.230 --> 00:07:49.010 boiler. Every unit of heat that is wasted costs exactly 100 00:07:49.010 --> 00:07:51.630 as much money as a unit of heat that is 101 00:07:51.630 --> 00:07:57.620 used. The mission of Johns-Manville is to provide materials to 102 00:07:57.620 --> 00:08:00.200 save this heat, thus conserving fuel 103 00:08:00.200 --> 00:08:03.800 and concentrating the available energy on useful work. 104 00:08:05.880 --> 00:08:09.020 Efficient insulating materials pay a far 105 00:08:09.020 --> 00:08:14.340 greater rate of return than can be expected from practically any other form of 106 00:08:14.340 --> 00:08:15.340 plant investment. 107 00:08:15.140 --> 00:08:21.100 But what insulating materials will pay the greatest return? 108 00:08:22.100 --> 00:08:27.600 The men who have the answer draw on a century of experience in insulation problems. 109 00:08:28.080 --> 00:08:31.020 They are Johns-Manville insulation engineers. 110 00:08:33.050 --> 00:08:36.170 What materials? Well, it depends on the job. 111 00:08:36.830 --> 00:08:40.670 Obviously, no single insulating material will do everything best. 112 00:08:41.210 --> 00:08:46.150 Our work then at Johns-Manville is to get the right balance of properties for each application. 113 00:08:47.070 --> 00:08:53.150 How thick should an insulation be? Well, you could put this on a steam line, and compared 114 00:08:53.150 --> 00:08:59.190 to no insulation at all, you'd save a lot of money. And then, with this, you'd save 115 00:08:59.190 --> 00:09:04.310 additional heat, but the insulation would cost more. And if somebody insisted, well, 116 00:09:04.350 --> 00:09:08.850 we could insulate way out to here, but that would cost a lot more, much more than could 117 00:09:08.850 --> 00:09:13.630 be saved in heat costs. So our job is to provide insulation with the best balance 118 00:09:13.630 --> 00:09:14.630 of properties 119 00:09:14.150 --> 00:09:16.670 and to calculate the most economic thickness. 120 00:09:20.130 --> 00:09:22.390 Many factors enter into our calculations. 121 00:09:23.130 --> 00:09:25.850 Operating temperature, hours of operation, 122 00:09:26.170 --> 00:09:30.070 type of installation, cost of heat production, and so forth. 123 00:09:30.310 --> 00:09:32.710 But they can all be boiled down to these two. 124 00:09:34.290 --> 00:09:36.510 Annual cost of insulation in place. 125 00:09:37.970 --> 00:09:40.430 Annual cost of remaining heat loss. 126 00:09:41.570 --> 00:09:44.810 Now the sum of these two gives us a basis for determining 127 00:09:44.810 --> 00:09:49.290 the economic thickness of insulation for any application. 128 00:09:50.230 --> 00:09:52.190 The annual cost of the insulation 129 00:09:52.190 --> 00:09:55.510 is based on its installed cost and the rate of amortization. 130 00:10:01.460 --> 00:10:03.000 Now let's assume that on a 131 00:10:03.000 --> 00:10:08.900 steam line the annual insulation cost in place per foot comes to 12 132 00:10:08.900 --> 00:10:10.540 cents for one inch thick 133 00:10:10.540 --> 00:10:15.880 insulation. The annual heat loss through this one inch thickness costs a dollar and 134 00:10:15.880 --> 00:10:16.960 51 cents. 135 00:10:16.960 --> 00:10:22.140 The total annual cost then is $1.63 per foot. 136 00:10:22.720 --> 00:10:25.160 Two inches of insulation naturally 137 00:10:25.160 --> 00:10:30.920 is going to cost more, 24 cents in this case, but more heat is saved, which 138 00:10:30.920 --> 00:10:31.920 brings the cost 139 00:10:31.640 --> 00:10:37.200 down to 95 cents. Annual total, $1.19. 140 00:10:38.520 --> 00:10:41.840 For three inches of insulation, the cost goes 141 00:10:41.840 --> 00:10:47.200 up to 37 cents, but the cost of lost heat drops to 74 cents. 142 00:10:47.740 --> 00:10:50.180 Total annual cost, one 143 00:10:50.180 --> 00:10:55.900 dollar and eleven cents. Four inches of insulation costs 53 cents. 144 00:10:56.200 --> 00:10:57.260 The cost of 145 00:10:57.260 --> 00:11:03.060 the lost heat has dropped to 64 cents. However, the additional heat 146 00:11:03.060 --> 00:11:04.060 saved is no 147 00:11:03.960 --> 00:11:08.700 longer enough to justify the added thickness. The total annual cost, instead 148 00:11:08.700 --> 00:11:13.920 of continuing to fall, has now come back up to a dollar and 17 cents. 149 00:11:14.560 --> 00:11:19.620 And if we put on greater thicknesses, the total cost would continue to increase. 150 00:11:20.040 --> 00:11:26.260 So back here, at three inches, we have the lowest annual cost or economic thickness for 151 00:11:26.260 --> 00:11:27.260 this job. 152 00:11:35.030 --> 00:11:37.050 Actually, we're a little ahead of ourselves. 153 00:11:37.570 --> 00:11:39.830 You may ask, three inches of what? 154 00:11:40.410 --> 00:11:44.210 This or this or something else? 155 00:11:44.710 --> 00:11:48.750 Well, one of the first questions is, how long does it have to last? 156 00:11:49.390 --> 00:11:53.270 Well, that may be measured in decades in some instances and for much shorter 157 00:11:53.270 --> 00:11:54.270 periods in others. 158 00:11:54.910 --> 00:11:59.490 How long is it going to be under temperature? Part-time or constantly? 159 00:12:00.170 --> 00:12:02.790 How much physical abuse is it likely to get? 160 00:12:03.810 --> 00:12:09.450 Now, for example, the pipe insulation in this oil refinery is going to have to take it. 161 00:12:09.450 --> 00:12:15.090 Men will lean ladders against it, use it for catwalks, and that calls for strength 162 00:12:15.090 --> 00:12:19.630 and toughness besides insulating properties. Lines operating in the same 163 00:12:19.630 --> 00:12:23.750 temperature range but which are protected inside the walls of a building 164 00:12:23.750 --> 00:12:27.110 for example can be insulated with a material of less strength. 165 00:12:27.870 --> 00:12:28.870 Perhaps the 166 00:12:28.690 --> 00:12:33.050 insulation will be out in all kinds of weather. A lot of equipment is nowadays 167 00:12:33.050 --> 00:12:36.570 equipment that used to be housed in expensive plant buildings. 168 00:12:37.210 --> 00:12:38.390 This means we 169 00:12:38.390 --> 00:12:42.870 need still more qualities in our insulating material, because the insulation and 170 00:12:42.870 --> 00:12:43.870 the weatherproofing 171 00:12:43.710 --> 00:12:47.790 over it provide the only weather protection such valuable equipment is ever going 172 00:12:47.790 --> 00:12:48.790 to get. 173 00:12:49.990 --> 00:12:55.090 They used to tell us that all we needed for an ideal insulation was a substance meeting 174 00:12:55.580 --> 00:13:01.430 these specifications, strength infinite, weight zero, 175 00:13:01.730 --> 00:13:06.670 cost in place zero, life forever, conductivity 176 00:13:06.670 --> 00:13:11.990 zero well it's a nice idea but obviously practical 177 00:13:11.990 --> 00:13:14.050 insulations only approach these 178 00:13:14.050 --> 00:13:19.450 specifications some more closely on one property and others on different properties 179 00:13:19.450 --> 00:13:20.730 and insulation 180 00:13:20.730 --> 00:13:26.410 can be made very strong or very light or very economical very 181 00:13:26.410 --> 00:13:28.670 durable or a very low conductivity 182 00:13:28.670 --> 00:13:33.770 and since different insulation requirements call for these properties in different combinations 183 00:13:33.770 --> 00:13:39.310 many raw materials are used, each one adding its own strongest points 184 00:13:39.310 --> 00:13:41.990 to the Johns-Manville family of insulating products. 185 00:13:42.790 --> 00:13:45.430 To meet the needs of high-temperature insulation, 186 00:13:45.830 --> 00:13:49.270 we reach millions of years back in the geological history. 187 00:13:50.550 --> 00:13:54.170 These white hills of silica are actually the graveyard 188 00:13:54.170 --> 00:13:57.410 of billions of microscopic organisms called diatoms 189 00:13:57.410 --> 00:14:00.410 that lived in the ocean that once covered California. 190 00:14:01.570 --> 00:14:07.570 This diatomaceous silica not only provides low conductivity, but retains its physical 191 00:14:07.570 --> 00:14:12.070 and chemical stability at temperatures up to 2,500 degrees Fahrenheit. 192 00:14:14.150 --> 00:14:16.470 Limestone too is an important raw material. 193 00:14:17.290 --> 00:14:21.610 Combined through a heat process with diatomaceous silica, it is used to make 194 00:14:21.610 --> 00:14:22.610 calcium silicate 195 00:14:22.590 --> 00:14:28.430 insulation, material of great permanence and strength, light in weight, low 196 00:14:28.430 --> 00:14:29.430 in thermal 197 00:14:29.010 --> 00:14:33.870 conductivity stable when wet and having excellent insulating qualities 198 00:14:33.870 --> 00:14:37.330 dolomite rock is the starting 199 00:14:37.330 --> 00:14:43.150 raw material for 85% magnesia insulation a product less strong than calcium 200 00:14:43.150 --> 00:14:44.990 silicate but also having 201 00:14:44.990 --> 00:14:50.590 low thermal conductivity magnesia has been the most widely used insulation 202 00:14:50.590 --> 00:14:51.590 for industrial 203 00:14:51.470 --> 00:14:57.340 applications to 600 degrees from the world's largest 204 00:14:57.340 --> 00:15:00.620 asbestos mine located in Canada Johns- Manville 205 00:15:00.620 --> 00:15:05.920 takes the magic mineral called asbestos soft silky fibers of great 206 00:15:05.920 --> 00:15:08.080 strength inorganic 207 00:15:08.640 --> 00:15:14.640 light fire resistant asbestos is the ideal reinforcing agent for thermal insulation 208 00:15:17.080 --> 00:15:23.000 for a strong insulation with low first cost a heat process is used to expand a 209 00:15:23.000 --> 00:15:24.000 volcanic rock 210 00:15:23.760 --> 00:15:28.780 in which molecular water has been trapped a rock this size is converted into this 211 00:15:28.780 --> 00:15:29.780 large mass of 212 00:15:29.740 --> 00:15:35.520 light cellular insulating material. The violent 213 00:15:35.520 --> 00:15:37.200 temperatures of a volcano made 214 00:15:37.200 --> 00:15:40.180 by man are needed to manufacture mineral fiber. 215 00:15:43.990 --> 00:15:45.910 Streams of molten materials are 216 00:15:45.910 --> 00:15:48.950 made into silky strands far finer than human hair. 217 00:15:50.770 --> 00:15:56.540 One of the oldest natural insulating materials is clay. 218 00:15:56.940 --> 00:15:58.600 In special clays are 219 00:15:58.600 --> 00:16:02.260 found the refractory qualities needed for manufacturing a variety of 220 00:16:02.260 --> 00:16:05.560 insulating fire brick that defy extremely high temperatures. 221 00:16:06.200 --> 00:16:07.200 It 222 00:16:16.820 --> 00:16:17.820 takes a 223 00:16:17.280 --> 00:16:22.820 wide variety of production techniques and specially designed modern equipment to turn 224 00:16:22.820 --> 00:16:26.940 these raw materials into the finished products used throughout the world. 225 00:16:27.260 --> 00:16:28.580 From the many Johns-Manville 226 00:16:28.580 --> 00:16:33.020 factories come products in many forms. Pipe insulations, 227 00:16:33.400 --> 00:16:37.200 block insulations, insulating 228 00:16:37.200 --> 00:16:42.620 brick, metal clad insulations, mineral fiber felts, 229 00:16:42.700 --> 00:16:45.640 refractories, and structural sheet 230 00:16:45.640 --> 00:16:50.380 insulations. In this family of products are the answers to insulation 231 00:16:50.380 --> 00:16:51.400 problems that 232 00:16:51.400 --> 00:16:56.960 range from hundreds of degrees Fahrenheit below zero to thousands of degrees above. 233 00:16:59.470 --> 00:17:05.250 Such home appliances as refrigerators, freezers, water heaters, and ranges can 234 00:17:05.250 --> 00:17:06.250 be made better 235 00:17:06.210 --> 00:17:12.250 to serve better with the remarkable mineral fiber insulation developed by Johns-Manville. 236 00:17:13.230 --> 00:17:19.050 At sea, another of the company's discoveries contributes to the safety and comfort 237 00:17:19.050 --> 00:17:20.050 of passengers 238 00:17:19.790 --> 00:17:20.790 and crew. 239 00:17:20.970 --> 00:17:26.790 These attractive walls and ceilings are built of lightweight and fireproof panels. 240 00:17:28.010 --> 00:17:34.650 And the same material, since it combines structural strength with high temperature insulating 241 00:17:34.650 --> 00:17:40.510 qualities, is used to build ovens, dryers, and similar high 242 00:17:40.510 --> 00:17:41.510 heat equipment. 243 00:17:43.210 --> 00:17:48.230 Johns-Manville's leadership in the science of insulation stems not only from its 244 00:17:48.230 --> 00:17:52.430 products, but also from its organization of experienced contractors. 245 00:17:52.950 --> 00:17:54.050 Chosen for 246 00:17:54.050 --> 00:17:59.190 their integrity and skill, they know the right application methods for every kind 247 00:17:59.190 --> 00:18:04.960 of service. In plumbing and heating systems, they apply pipe 248 00:18:04.960 --> 00:18:05.960 insulations to 249 00:18:05.880 --> 00:18:08.680 cut heat loss or to reduce condensation. 250 00:18:09.960 --> 00:18:12.680 With duct insulation, they add efficiency 251 00:18:12.680 --> 00:18:15.700 to air conditioning systems by holding down 252 00:18:15.700 --> 00:18:18.560 the air temperature on its way to room outlets. 253 00:18:19.000 --> 00:18:23.340 In this cold storage room, inorganic, 254 00:18:23.340 --> 00:18:26.260 moisture-resistant insulation will help maintain 255 00:18:26.260 --> 00:18:28.660 the extreme temperature needed to preserve 256 00:18:28.660 --> 00:18:30.480 perishable food and beverages. 257 00:18:32.460 --> 00:18:35.240 The petroleum and petrochemical industries 258 00:18:35.240 --> 00:18:39.920 depend on many types of thermal insulation for process control, for 259 00:18:39.920 --> 00:18:45.500 safety, and for economic operation. In the power industry, 260 00:18:45.860 --> 00:18:47.260 Johns-Manville products 261 00:18:47.260 --> 00:18:51.100 are part of the engineering triumphs that have made the generating of 262 00:18:51.100 --> 00:18:56.790 electricity more and more economical. This family of 263 00:18:56.790 --> 00:18:58.310 insulating materials also 264 00:18:58.310 --> 00:19:03.570 plays a part in conserving atomic fuels in the nuclear reactors of power plants. 265 00:19:03.570 --> 00:19:09.120 In the steel industry, too, where temperatures climb past 2,000 266 00:19:09.120 --> 00:19:11.780 degrees, Johns-Manville products 267 00:19:11.780 --> 00:19:15.240 are at work, saving fuel and improving operation. 268 00:19:16.180 --> 00:19:21.440 In the high-temperature world of modern industry, insulation is an important 269 00:19:21.440 --> 00:19:22.440 capital investment 270 00:19:22.960 --> 00:19:26.180 demanding exacting design and proper application. 271 00:19:27.580 --> 00:19:32.320 The Johns-Manville Research Center is dedicated to finding ways of making 272 00:19:32.320 --> 00:19:33.500 industry's insulation 273 00:19:33.500 --> 00:19:36.660 investment yield the greatest possible return 274 00:19:36.660 --> 00:19:41.840 here researchers are at work on 275 00:19:41.840 --> 00:19:46.900 basic studies in the economics of the control of heat here 276 00:19:48.180 --> 00:19:49.200 is not only the 277 00:19:49.200 --> 00:19:53.800 thorough testing and appraisal of newly developed materials but a constant 278 00:19:53.800 --> 00:19:59.780 quality control of existing products as well in the thermal conductivity 279 00:19:59.780 --> 00:20:04.840 laboratory, guarded hot plate apparatus is used to test block insulations. 280 00:20:10.660 --> 00:20:15.620 Electrically heated pipes in a room with constant temperature are used in testing 281 00:20:15.620 --> 00:20:20.940 pipe insulations. The heat loss through all test samples is measured by 282 00:20:20.940 --> 00:20:24.560 computing the electrical energy needed to make up that loss. 283 00:20:25.240 --> 00:20:26.520 To assure the 284 00:20:26.520 --> 00:20:31.140 highest accuracy in these measurements, every test unit is fed from one master 285 00:20:31.140 --> 00:20:35.140 a switchboard designed to deliver a constant output of power. 286 00:20:35.860 --> 00:20:38.340 As a check, readings are taken 287 00:20:38.340 --> 00:20:44.300 every hour while the tests are underway. With such precision equipment 288 00:20:44.300 --> 00:20:45.760 as this, the research 289 00:20:45.760 --> 00:20:49.860 engineers can measure the finest variations of insulation conductivity. 290 00:20:50.520 --> 00:20:55.000 There are many other 291 00:20:55.000 --> 00:21:00.360 properties to be tested. In the spalling test, panels of insulating fire brick 292 00:21:00.360 --> 00:21:01.360 under intense 293 00:21:01.180 --> 00:21:04.920 heat are subjected to cycles of cold water sprays. 294 00:21:06.100 --> 00:21:07.740 This is a means of 295 00:21:07.740 --> 00:21:10.080 determining their resistance to thermal shock. 296 00:21:13.100 --> 00:21:15.300 Insulating qualities are not the 297 00:21:15.300 --> 00:21:20.500 only ones tested. For certain materials structural strength and other physical 298 00:21:20.500 --> 00:21:24.440 qualities are every bit as important as insulating efficiency. 299 00:21:25.180 --> 00:21:26.320 Here a panel 300 00:21:26.320 --> 00:21:31.860 undergoes a rupture test and when a new product finally 301 00:21:31.860 --> 00:21:32.960 emerges from its 302 00:21:32.960 --> 00:21:38.420 experimental stage, it too must undergo the most rigorous tests science can 303 00:21:38.420 --> 00:21:42.040 devise before it is made available for practical use. 304 00:21:45.960 --> 00:21:47.360 Anticipating future needs, 305 00:21:47.660 --> 00:21:53.460 the Research Center is engaged in many projects. One such project resulted in a 306 00:21:53.460 --> 00:21:58.980 new concept of basic insulation design of direct interest to the insulation 307 00:21:58.980 --> 00:22:04.770 engineer in the field. What he's talking 308 00:22:04.770 --> 00:22:06.990 about is the mean free path theory of 309 00:22:06.990 --> 00:22:09.770 gas conduction that is applied to insulation research 310 00:22:09.770 --> 00:22:10.950 at Johns-Manville. 311 00:22:11.690 --> 00:22:14.190 Now this theory provides a scientific way 312 00:22:14.190 --> 00:22:16.610 of knowing how an insulation is going to perform 313 00:22:17.070 --> 00:22:18.590 while it's still on the drawing board. 314 00:22:19.070 --> 00:22:20.630 Let me give you just one example. 315 00:22:23.720 --> 00:22:27.860 In missile design, space and weight are at a great premium. 316 00:22:28.060 --> 00:22:30.660 Yet some space and weight must be allowed 317 00:22:30.660 --> 00:22:33.120 for insulation needed to protect sensitive instruments, 318 00:22:33.340 --> 00:22:36.960 controls, and structures subject to very intense heat. 319 00:22:36.960 --> 00:22:42.840 Now, working within these space and weight restrictions, Johns-Manville, using this mean 320 00:22:42.840 --> 00:22:48.000 free path theory, has designed and created a material that closely approaches 321 00:22:48.000 --> 00:22:49.720 our so-called 322 00:22:49.720 --> 00:22:50.860 ideal insulation. 323 00:22:51.320 --> 00:22:57.120 Its name is Min-K, which is short for minimum conductivity. 324 00:22:57.500 --> 00:23:00.740 And minimum is, well, it's almost an understatement. 325 00:23:00.740 --> 00:23:06.620 Min-K has been designed to have an even lower conductivity than the theoretical 326 00:23:06.620 --> 00:23:08.280 minimum of still air. 327 00:23:08.860 --> 00:23:14.800 A one inch thickness of Min-K is more efficient than several times that amount of 328 00:23:14.800 --> 00:23:15.800 conventional insulation. 329 00:23:16.100 --> 00:23:22.110 Made to help man in his conquest of space. 330 00:23:22.850 --> 00:23:27.330 Who can say what doors this revolutionary material may open to more efficient 331 00:23:27.330 --> 00:23:28.850 industrial insulations? 332 00:23:39.320 --> 00:23:45.240 Not only in man's conquest of outer space that control of extreme temperatures is important, 333 00:23:45.560 --> 00:23:50.200 the jet engines of supersonic planes also develop intense heat. 334 00:23:50.440 --> 00:23:54.940 To shield them, Johns-Manville has designed a unique type of insulation. 335 00:23:55.360 --> 00:24:00.880 This insulation is custom fabricated of high temperature refractory felts 336 00:24:00.880 --> 00:24:02.160 encased in stainless 337 00:24:02.160 --> 00:24:07.820 steel, titanium, and other high heat resistant metal foils. 338 00:24:07.820 --> 00:24:13.800 All progress stems from new products and new 339 00:24:13.800 --> 00:24:17.560 processes and in turn all these products and 340 00:24:17.560 --> 00:24:23.400 processes depend on heat. Heat and conservation of the fuels which make 341 00:24:23.400 --> 00:24:25.220 it becomes yearly more 342 00:24:25.220 --> 00:24:30.840 vital to us and to our civilization. New fuels, 343 00:24:31.200 --> 00:24:34.720 new needs of industry push operating temperatures 344 00:24:34.720 --> 00:24:40.540 ever upward. Scientists now talk in the millions of degrees. 345 00:24:41.460 --> 00:24:42.460 Temperatures in the 346 00:24:42.460 --> 00:24:46.480 tens of millions can be anticipated in the field of nuclear fusion. 347 00:24:47.980 --> 00:24:52.720 Johns-Manville's work in insulation research is aimed today at these 348 00:24:52.720 --> 00:24:58.060 foreseeable goals of tomorrow. To help make useful to man heat energy 349 00:24:58.060 --> 00:25:03.540 originating at temperatures far greater than the heat of the raging inferno that 350 00:25:03.540 --> 00:25:04.600 That is our song.