Burgess v. Abex Corp. EX rel. Pneumo Abex (2000)

Our plain-English summary of Burgess v. Abex Corp. EX rel. Pneumo Abex (Illinois Appellate Court, March 1, 2000).

Delbert Burgess worked as a security guard at the Unarco asbestos plant in Bloomington, Illinois, in the 1950s and 1960s. He was diagnosed with mesothelioma in early 1993 and died that June. His estate and his wife sued Abex and Pittsburgh Corning, among others, on a civil conspiracy theory. They claimed the companies agreed to hide asbestos health hazards. Neither company employed Burgess, and no evidence showed their products were used at the Unarco plant. The Illinois Supreme Court sent the case back for reconsideration in light of McClure v. Owens Corning, which held that parallel conduct alone does not prove a conspiracy agreement. The appellate court found other evidence of an agreement between Abex and Johns-Manville, such as Abex's return of a 1948 report. It reversed the judgment against Abex and ordered a new trial, because exhibits and expert testimony aimed at Owens Corning and Owens-Illinois had been admitted on a mistaken conspiracy theory. Pittsburgh Corning's situation resembled Owens Corning's in McClure, so the court reversed the judgment against it and directed judgment in its favor.

We wrote this summary from the court's opinion with the help of AI. It is not the court's wording, and it is not legal advice. The full opinion is below.

The decision

• Court: Illinois Appellate Court, 4th District
• Decided: March 1, 2000
• Citation: 725 N.E.2d 792
• Docket: Nos. 4-98-0354, 4-98-0356
• Stage: Appeal from judgment after trial
• State: Illinois

Outcome. On remand from the Illinois Supreme Court in light of McClure, the appellate court reversed the judgment against Abex and remanded for a new trial, and reversed the judgment against Pittsburgh Corning and ordered judgment entered in its favor.

What the court held. Parallel conduct among asbestos manufacturers is not enough by itself to prove the agreement element of civil conspiracy; there must be other evidence of an agreement to suppress or misrepresent asbestos hazards. Such evidence existed against Abex but not against Pittsburgh Corning.

Issues decided: Expert Testimony, Trial Procedure and Discovery.

The people and their exposure

• Delbert Burgess: mesothelioma; died

Who	Work	Where	When	Products
Delbert Burgess	security guard; worked near others using it	Unarco plant, Bloomington, Bloomington, Illinois	1953-54, 1961, 1964-69

The defendants

• Abex Corporation (Pneumo Abex) (manufacturer)
• Pittsburgh Corning Corporation (manufacturer) · its asbestos trust
• Owens-Illinois, Inc. (manufacturer) · its asbestos trust
• Owens Corning Fiberglas Corporation (manufacturer) · its asbestos trust

Other decisions in this case

Other rulings from the same court in the same case, in our library:

• Burgess v. Abex Corp. (June 17, 1999). The appellate court affirmed the jury verdict and judgment for plaintiffs (the Burgess estate and Francis Burgess) against Abex Corporation and Pittsburgh Corning Corporation on a civil conspiracy theory.

Decisions this opinion cites

Earlier decisions in our library that the court cited:

• McClure v. Owens Corning Fiberglas Corp. (Illinois Supreme Court, 1999). The Illinois Supreme Court reversed the appellate court and the jury verdicts for the three plaintiffs, and ordered judgment entered for Owens Corning and Owens-Illinois because the evidence did not prove a civil conspiracy.
• Adcock v. Brakegate, Ltd. (Illinois Supreme Court, 1994). The Illinois Supreme Court affirmed the appellate court and the $213,811.79 judgment for the plaintiff estate against Owens-Corning, holding Owens-Corning waived its challenge to the conspiracy counts by answering and going to verdict.
• Burgess v. Abex Corp. (Illinois Appellate Court, 4th District, 1999). The appellate court affirmed the jury verdict and judgment for plaintiffs (the Burgess estate and Francis Burgess) against Abex Corporation and Pittsburgh Corning Corporation on a civil conspiracy theory.

Later decisions citing this one

5 later decisions in our library cite this one:

• Jones v. Pneumo Abex LLC (Illinois Appellate Court, 5th District, 2021). Affirmed the trial court's summary judgment for Pneumo Abex and Owens-Illinois on the Joneses' civil conspiracy claims, after the Illinois Supreme Court remanded for a proper analysis.
• Gillenwater v. Honeywell Intern., Inc. (Illinois Appellate Court, 4th District, 2013). The appellate court affirmed the trial court's judgment notwithstanding the verdict for Honeywell, Owens-Illinois and Pneumo Abex on Charles Gillenwater's conspiracy claims, and affirmed summary judgment for them on Donita Gillenwater's loss-of-consortium claims.
• Menssen v. Pneumo Abex Corporation (Illinois Appellate Court, 4th District, 2012). The appellate court reversed the trial court's denial of judgment n.o.v. and the jury verdict for Menssen, ruling that Abex and Honeywell were entitled to judgment because the evidence did not prove they conspired to suppress or misrepresent asbestos hazards.
• Rodarmel v. Pneumo Abex, LLC (Illinois Appellate Court, 4th District, 2011). The appellate court reversed the trial court's judgment on the jury verdict for plaintiffs, holding that defendants Honeywell and Pneumo Abex were entitled to judgment notwithstanding the verdict.
• Dukes v. Pneumo Abex Corporations (Illinois Appellate Court, 4th District, 2008). The appellate court reversed the jury verdict for plaintiff Doris Dukes against Honeywell and remanded for a new trial, because the trial court wrongly admitted a 1948 nolo contendere price-fixing plea and a Bendix employee's letter; it denied Honeywell's request for judgment n.o.v. and its motion to return discovery documents.

The court's opinion

The text below is Google Scholar's copy of the court's opinion, a public record. Numbers in brackets, such as [*921], mark where each page of the printed reporter begins.

725 N.E.2d 792 (2000)

311 Ill. App.3d 900

244 Ill.Dec. 319

Jerry BURGESS, as Special Administrator of the Estate of Delbert Burgess, Deceased, and Francis

Burgess, Plaintiffs-Appellees,

v.

ABEX CORPORATION, by its successor-in-interest, PNEUMO ABEX CORPORATION, Defendant-

Appellant.

Jerry Burgess, as Special Administrator of the Estate of Delbert Burgess, Deceased, and Francis

Burgess, Plaintiffs-Appellees,

v.

Illinois Central Railroad Company; Abex Corporation; Metropolitan Life Insurance Company; Cape

Industries, PLC; and Owens-Illinois, Inc., Defendants (Pittsburgh Corning Corporation, Defendant-

Appellant).

Nos. 4-98-0354, 4-98-0356.

March 1, 2000.

Appellate Court of Illinois, Fourth District.

[*793] Jerold S. Solovy, Donald R. Harris, Barry Levenstam (argued), David M. Feinberg, Jenner & Block, Chicago, for Abex Corporation.

James Wylder (argued), Walker & Wylder, Ltd., Bloomington, for Jerry Burgess.

Dennis J. Dobbels (argued), Brian W. Fields, Polsinelli, White, Vardeman & Shalton, Kansas City, MO, for Pittsburgh Corning Corporation.

Presiding Justice COOK delivered the opinion of the court:

On December 1, 1999, the supreme court, in the exercise of its supervisory authority, vacated the decisions in these cases and directed this court to reconsider its judgment in light of McClure v. Owens Corning Fiberglas Corp., 188 Ill.2d 102, 241 Ill.Dec. 787, 720 N.E.2d 242 (1999).

McClure involved three workers at Union Asbestos and Rubber Company's (Unarco) Bloomington plant who worked there during the period 1952-65. The plant was owned by Unarco and used asbestos, including asbestos supplied by Johns-Manville Corporation (Johns-Manville).

In McClure, the supreme court reversed judgments against Owens Corning Fiberglas [*794] Corporation (Owens Corning) and Owens-Illinois, Inc. (Owens-Illinois), and entered judgments in their favor, holding that parallel conduct may serve as circumstantial evidence of a civil conspiracy among manufacturers of the same or similar products but is insufficient proof, by itself, of the agreement element of civil conspiracy. McClure, 188 Ill.2d at 135, 241 Ill.Dec. 787, 720 N.E.2d at 259. It is necessary to "determine whether any evidence, other than evidence of parallel conduct, was presented at trial and whether this evidence, considered with any evidence of parallel conduct, was sufficient to establish the existence of an agreement between defendants and Unarco or Johns-Manville to suppress or misrepresent information regarding the health hazards of asbestos." McClure, 188 Ill.2d at 142-43, 241 Ill.Dec. 787, 720 N.E.2d at 262. The court held that the jury could have found parallel action based on the evidence that, like Unarco or Johns-Manville, Owens Corning and Owens-Illinois (1) knew that asbestos could cause disease at the time they sold asbestos-containing products, (2) sold these products without warning of these diseases, (3) failed to warn employees and consumers of these diseases, and (4) failed to adequately protect their employees from exposure to asbestos dust. McClure, 188 Ill.2d at 146, 241 Ill.Dec. 787, 720 N.E.2d at 264. The court ruled, however, that the following evidence, considered in addition to the evidence of parallel conduct, did not permit a reasonable inference of the alleged agreement between defendants and Unarco or Johns-Manville. McClure, 188

Ill.2d at 147, 241 Ill.Dec. 787, 720 N.E.2d at 264. First, the mere exchange of information by manufacturers of the same or similar products is a common practice and does not support an inference of an agreement. McClure, 188 Ill.2d at 147, 241 Ill.Dec. 787, 720 N.E.2d at 265. Second, the circumstances of the 1979 meeting following the Califano announcement, and the 1983 Asbestos Claims Conference, prohibited a reasonable inference of the alleged agreement. The Califano announcement had already been made, and Owens Corning had already warned large numbers of past and present employees about these hazards. McClure, 188 Ill.2d at 148-49, 241 Ill.Dec. 787, 720 N.E.2d at 265. Third, Owens Corning and Johns-Manville's participation in the drafting of the National Insulation Manufacturers Association, Inc. (NIMA), pamphlet in 1969 or 1970 did not support an inference of agreement. Courts have been unwilling to infer an agreement based on membership in industry trade organizations, and no evidence indicated to what extent Owens Corning and Johns-Manville controlled the content of the pamphlet. McClure, 188 Ill.2d at 149-50, 241 Ill.Dec. 787, 720 N.E.2d at 266. Fourth, no evidence showed that Owens Corning's purchase of the Bloomington plant was anything other than an arm's-length transaction between competitors. McClure, 188 Ill.2d at 150, 241 Ill.Dec. 787, 720 N.E.2d at 266.

In summary, the contacts between defendants, Unarco, and Johns-Manville were isolated, particularly with respect to Owens-Illinois, and an inference of agreement based on these contacts was not reasonable. McClure, 188 Ill.2d at 151, 241 Ill.Dec. 787, 720 N.E.2d at 267.

What difference is there between evidence of "parallel conduct" and "evidence, other than evidence of parallel conduct"? McClure, 188 Ill.2d at 142, 241 Ill.Dec. 787, 720 N.E.2d at 262. If one business knows of a practice of another business that is harmful to employees or consumers, chooses to employ that practice itself, profits from the practice, and takes steps to prevent disclosure that it and the other business employ the practice, is that evidence of parallel conduct or other evidence of agreement? Is it enough to show a meeting took place between the two businesses after which both pursued the same harmful practice and resisted any disclosure? Or is it necessary for one of the businesses [*795] to admit that an agreement existed before there can be a civil conspiracy?

Adcock v. Brakegate, Ltd., 164 Ill.2d 54, 206 Ill.Dec. 636, 645 N.E.2d 888 (1994), was distinguished as a case decided on the pleadings, where the trial court entered a judgment against Owens Corning as to liability as a sanction for its failure to produce certain witnesses. McClure quoted (McClure, 188 Ill.2d at 134, 241 Ill.Dec. 787, 720 N.E.2d at 258), but did not comment on, Adcock`s statement: "A defendant who understands the general objectives of the conspiratorial scheme, accepts them, and agrees, either explicitly or implicitly[,] to do its part to further those objectives * * * is liable as a conspirator" (Adcock, 164 Ill.2d at 64, 206 Ill.Dec. 636, 645 N.E.2d at 894). We conclude that McClure necessarily rejects that statement in Adcock. Implicit agreement, at least an agreement implicitly shown by parallel conduct, is not sufficient to show a conspiracy.

The present case involves an individual, Delbert Burgess, who was involved as a security guard at the Unarco plant during 1953-54, briefly in 1961, and again during 1964-69. He was diagnosed as having mesothelioma in early 1993, and he died June 18, 1993. Neither Abex nor Pittsburgh Corning Corporation (PCC) ever employed Burgess, and no evidence shows that any Abex or PCC product was ever used in the Unarco plant where Burgess worked.

In Burgess, we stated there was evidence that Abex and Unarco directly entered into an agreement to conceal the dangers of asbestos. Burgess v. Abex Corp., 305 Ill.App.3d 859, 864-65, 238 Ill. Dec. 835, 712 N.E.2d 939, 944 (1999). Abex signed the 1936 agreement to underwrite the experiments at Saranac Lake. Abex received a copy of the 1948 report, but apparently returned it at the request of Johns-Manville's general counsel, Vandiver Brown, who wanted all references to cancers and tumors deleted and felt it would be most unwise to have any copies of the draft report outstanding, if the final report was to be different in any substantial respect. There clearly was evidence here, other than evidence of parallel conduct, which was sufficient to establish the existence of an agreement between Abex and Johns-Manville to suppress or misrepresent information regarding the health hazards of asbestos. See McClure, 188 Ill.2d at 142-43, 241 Ill.Dec. 787, 720 N.E.2d at 262-63.

To state a claim for civil conspiracy, a plaintiff must allege the agreement and also a tortious act committed in furtherance of that agreement. Adcock, 164 Ill.2d at 62-64, 206 Ill.Dec. 636, 645 N.E.2d at 893-95; McClure, 188 Ill.2d at 133, 241 Ill.Dec. 787, 720 N.E.2d at 258. The jury here could have found that Abex's return of the report was a tortious act committed in furtherance of the agreement, as were Abex's employee publications that made no reference to asbestosis, cancer, or industrial dust hazards. The jury could have found that any number of actions by Unarco constituted such acts.

Abex has no direct connections with the plaintiff here. Abex never employed Burgess, did not purchase the plant where he was employed (Owens Corning did), and did not purchase the plant's product line (PCC did). That was also the case in McClure, but McClure indicates that the key criterion is evidence other than parallel conduct of an agreement to suppress or misrepresent information regarding the health hazards of asbestos. McClure, 188 Ill.2d at 142-43, 241 Ill.Dec. 787, 720 N.E.2d at 262. Such evidence exists in this case. The general rule is that even where plaintiff has the burden of proof in the trial court to prove his case by clear and convincing evidence, the standard of review in the appellate court is whether the trial court's decision is against the manifest weight of the evidence. In re D.J.S., 308 Ill.App.3d 291, 294-95, 241 Ill. Dec. 765, 719 N.E.2d 1168, 1171-72 (1999) (parental unfitness); Roadside Auto Body, [*796] Inc. v. Miller, 285 Ill.App.3d 105, 113, 220 Ill.Dec. 724, 673 N.E.2d 1145, 1150 (1996) (fraudulent misrepresentation). The rule may be different in this case. See McClure, 188 Ill.2d at 147, 241 Ill.Dec. 787, 720 N.E.2d at 264 ("At most, these facts are as consistent with innocent as with guilty conduct. Thus, they do not support a finding by the jury that there was clear and convincing evidence of an agreement").

Abex argues that since the supreme court has now held that the evidence against Owens Corning and Owens-Illinois in McClure was insufficient to establish that Owens Corning and Owens-Illinois participated in any asbestos conspiracy, it is clear that numerous prejudicial exhibits showing the bad practices of Owens Corning and Owens-Illinois were admitted in the present case on the mistaken theory that Owens Corning and Owens-Illinois were coconspirators. In addition, Dr. Castleman improperly testified extensively regarding Owens Corning's and Owens-Illinois' knowledge of the hazards of asbestos and their failure to tell their own workers about such hazards. We agree, and we reverse and remand the judgment against Abex for a new trial on all issues. At that trial, the parties will be free, subject to the guidelines laid down by the supreme court in McClure, to seek admission of any additional evidence indicating that Abex, Owens-Illinois, Owens Corning, and others were or were not members of a conspiracy.

In contrast to Abex, the situation of PCC seems very similar to that of Owens Corning, for which the supreme court entered judgment in McClure. Owens Corning purchased Unarco's Bloomington plant in 1970. PCC purchased the right to make Unibestos, the product manufactured at the Bloomington plant, from Unarco in 1962, and purchased a Tyler, Texas, plant from Unarco where it continued Unarco's Unibestos production. There was evidence that the Tyler plant was notorious in its use of asbestos. The supreme court concluded in McClure that there was no evidence the purchase was anything other than an arm's-length transaction between competitors and would apparently draw that same conclusion here. See McClure, 188 Ill.2d at 150, 241 Ill.Dec. 787, 720 N.E.2d at 266. PCC's employee, Roy Fuhs, attended a meeting of the Southwest Insulation Contractors Association in 1968 in Biloxi, Mississippi, where Owens Corning and Johns-Manville employees brought the group up to date on what NIMA was doing "to counteract some very adverse activity at the present time." Fuhs then reported to a PCC vice-president that the problem of health hazards among asbestos workers was becoming critical (30% of current asbestos workers had pulmonary problems) "and that a strong united front [was] necessary to preserve this industry." Fuhs accordingly recommended that PCC join NIMA. That recommendation was apparently not accepted. PCC apparently also attended the 1979 meeting following the Califano announcement.

Most of these factors were present in McClure. In McClure, Owens Corning had purchased the Unarco plant and had attended the 1979 meeting, but that was not enough to show agreement. McClure, 188 Ill.2d at 148-50, 241 Ill.Dec. 787, 720 N.E.2d at 265-66. Owens Corning's membership in NIMA, and participation in the drafting of the NIMA pamphlet, did not support an inference of an agreement. McClure, 188 Ill.2d at 149-50, 241 Ill.Dec. 787, 720 N.E.2d at 266. If participation in NIMA meetings and activities cannot support an inference of an agreement, a nonmember's listening to a report of a NIMA meeting logically cannot do so either. Unarco's activities and PCC's activities constituted a course of parallel conduct (see McClure, 188 Ill.2d at 146, 241 Ill.Dec. 787, 720 N.E.2d at 264 (knowledge of danger, sales despite that knowledge, failure to warn employees or consumers, and failure to protect employees)), but that was not enough to show a civil conspiracy in McClure.

[*797] Accordingly, we reconsider our judgment in light of McClure. We reverse the circuit court's judgment in favor of Burgess and against Abex and remand for a new trial, and we reverse the judgment against PCC and order that judgment be entered in PCC's favor.

Reversed and cause remanded with directions.

GARMAN and MYERSCOUGH, JJ., concur.

Sources

• The opinion on Google Scholar
• Illinois asbestos laws
• Illinois asbestos exposure sites