Havelock mine, about 12 miles south-southeast of Barberton, Eswatini

The Havelock mine lay in Swaziland, "about 12 miles south-southeast of Barberton" according to the U.S. Bureau of Mines' Minerals Yearbook, and it produced chrysotile.^9,12 In 1944 W. E. Sinclair of the Cape Asbestos Company, writing in Asbestos, the industry's trade journal, recalled that "only ten years ago, preliminary prospecting and development was started on the biggest chrysotile deposit in South Africa," which became "the Havelock Mine situated near Piggs Peak."¹³ The yearbook for 1961 places it at Emlembe.¹¹

Turner & Newall buys the mine

In February 1930 Asbestos wrote that Turner & Newall, Ltd., of London "is reported to have acquired the Havelock Asbestos Mines in Swaziland, the consideration being £250,000."¹ A month later the journal said the mine would be held by New Amianthus Asbestos Co., Ltd., and passed on word from South African mining magazines that "development work is being put forward as speedily as possible."² The Minerals Yearbook for 1941 gave a different figure: "the claims alone cost the company £240,000."¹⁴

Development, 1937 to 1939

At Turner & Newall's annual meeting in January 1937, the chairman, Samuel Turner, called Havelock "a mine acquired by New Amianthus Mines Limited some years ago" and named its "opening up, development and equipment" among the purposes of a new share issue.⁴ Asbestos wrote in July 1937 that the mine was meant to "take the place of the Amianthus mine near Barberton, as the deposits there are practically exhausted," and that "a mill grading plant and aerial ropeway to Barberton are under construction."⁶ The Minerals Yearbook for 1940 dates the development from April 1937.¹²

Drawing on the South African Mining & Engineering Journal, Asbestos reported in January 1938 that "four grades of fibre will be produced, two of spinning and two of shingle," that the plant "will require about 80 Europeans and 1,800 natives," and that production "is expected to begin late in 1938."⁸ Samuel Turner told shareholders that month that "it is hoped that production will begin in 1939."⁸ The 1938 yearbook estimated "the initial annual production" at "24,000 tons of chrysotile fiber."⁷

The sources give the ropeway to Barberton Station different lengths: "12½ miles" in the 1938 yearbook, "a 12 mile cableway" in the January 1938 report, and "12.6 miles long with a capacity of 7½ tons of bagged asbestos per hour" in the 1940 yearbook.^7,8,12 The 1940 yearbook also reported that "the shaft, inclined at an angle of 40°, had attained a depth of 850 feet in May 1939."¹²

Production begins

Asbestos reported that the mine "started producing and transporting asbestos on June 8th" 1939, and the yearbook and a 1947 article by Roland Starkey and the staff of African Associated Mines also give June 1939.^10,12,15 The yearbook reported "an output of 7,973 short tons" for 1939 and "about 18,000 tons in 1940."^9,12 By 1941 it called Havelock "one of the great asbestos mines of the world," and in 1942 it credited the mine with "an annual output exceeding 24,000 tons of high-grade fiber."^14,16 Asbestos reported in 1940 that the mine employed "about 90 Europeans and 2400 natives, all of whom have living quarters provided for them near the mine."¹⁷

How it was mined

Starkey's 1947 article said that "about one quarter of the ore delivered to the mill bins is derived from opencast quarrying operations" and the rest "is broken in underground sub-level caving stopes."¹⁰ The 1948 yearbook said "both open-pit and underground mining methods are used."¹⁸ Later accounts drawn from the Mining Journal of London said that "in 1948 the original quarrying activities were discontinued," with rock hoisted "through a 1,280-foot shaft dipping 40° S."^19,20 A 1952 report said that "no less than £750,000" had been spent to bring the mine into production and that the plant could produce "more than 2,000 tons of bagged asbestos monthly."²¹

A new vertical shaft, begun in June 1962, was "nearly completed" in October 1964, according to Asbestos: "20 feet in diameter, 1,200 feet deep and fully concrete-lined," with a capacity of "90,000 tons of ore per month."²² The 1973 yearbook reported "difficulties with weak rock underground."²³ In 1977 the journal said an incline shaft "is to be sunk to extract the remainder of the ore at the now completely-underground operation."²⁴

Output

For 1948 the yearbook gave Swaziland's output, all from Havelock, as "29,421 metric tons," and for 1949 "a new record of 30,814 metric tons."^18,25 A 1959 history in Asbestos said the mine had "produced an average output of 30,000 tons of high quality chrysotile annually" since 1939.²⁶ In 1960 its "total output of 32,026 tons" was "exported, mainly to the United Kingdom," and in 1961 production "was over 2,500 tons monthly," with "measured ore reserves" of "10 million tons."¹¹ Turner & Newall distributed the fiber under the mark "HVL (Havelock)."²⁷

In 1975 Asbestos put output at "approximately 37,000 metric tons per year," and in 1977 at "38,600 metric tons of four standard grades," of which the United Kingdom, "Havelock's biggest customer," took about 54%.^24,28,29 The journal's figures for 1978 differ: one report gives "about 36,995 metric tonnes," and a later one gives "36,951 tonnes" for that year and "34,294 tonnes in 1979."^30,31

Dust

Asbestos reported in 1968 that at the mill "a second air system prevents dust pollution," and in 1979 that the company was "carrying out an extensive program for reducing the incidence of dust in the mill."^30,32

The Swazi share and later owners

In 1972, according to the Minerals Yearbook, Turner & Newall agreed with the Government of Swaziland that "a 20% interest" would pass to the Government "immediately without cost and another 20% would be bought from profits over 6 years."³³ Asbestos reported that ownership passed that year to Havelock Asbestos Mines (Swaziland) Ltd., "a new company incorporated in Swaziland," in which Turner & Newall held 60% and "the Swazi nation eventually will have 40%."³⁴ In 1977 the company announced that "without further adjacent ore body acquisition, its reserves would be exhausted by 1988."³⁵ Asbestos reported in 1978 an agreement in principle under which Swaziland and Turner & Newall "will become equal partners," with the mining leases extended "to the year 2006."³⁶

The Minerals Yearbook for 1991, citing Industrial Minerals, reported that "the Swaziland Government and Consolidated Mining Corp. of the Republic of South Africa have taken control of the Havelock asbestos mine," owning "15% and 85%, respectively."³⁷ The mine was then "expected to have an operating life of 8 years, at a production rate of 2,500 tons per month."³⁷

The documents report this mine producing asbestos fiber for sale.¹¹

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Location

Output the documents report

Figures as printed, in the units each document uses (short tons before about 1990, metric tons after, in most U.S. chapters). Some are a year's output, some a daily rate or a capacity, some a company's total rather than this mine's alone; the statement for that year below says which.

Year	Figure	Source
1937	4 long tons	6
1937	24,000 tons of chrysotile fiber	7
1939	7,973 short tons	12
1939	30,000 tons a year (average)	26
1940	18,000 tons per year	14
1940	18,000 tons	9
1942	24,000 tons of high-grade fiber	16
1948	29,421 metric tons	18
1949	30,814 metric tons	25
1960	32,026 tons	11
1961	2,500 tons monthly	11
1964	90,000 tons of ore per month (shaft capacity)	22
1975	37,000 metric tons per year	28
1977	882,700 tons milled	29
1977	38,600 metric tons	24
1978	36,995 metric tonnes	30
1979	34,294 tonnes	31
1991	2,500 tons per month	37

Year by year

Every statement about this mine in the documents, in each document's own words, by the year it is about.

1930

• Ownership: “Turner & Newall, Ltd., reported to have acquired the Havelock Asbestos Mines for £250,000” (Turner & Newall, Ltd.), p. 49¹
• Exploration: “Development work is being put forward as speedily as possible”, as reported by South African mining magazines (as reported), p. 55²
• Ownership: “recently purchased by Turner & Newall interests” (Turner & Newall; New Amianthus Asbestos Co., Ltd.), p. 55²

1931

• Ownership: “In the Turner-Newall group; landing place prepared at the mine” (Turner & Newall, Ltd.), p. 58³

1934

• Exploration: “Preliminary prospecting and development started ten years ago on the biggest chrysotile deposit in South Africa, now the Havelock Mine near Piggs Peak”, as reported by Asbestos (magazine), p. 8¹³

1937

• Opened: “Turner & Newall arranged for the opening up, development and equipment of the Havelock asbestos mines” (Turner & Newall, Ltd.), p. 37⁵
• Exploration: “Funds from the new share issue needed for the opening up, development and equipment of the Havelock Asbestos Mine” (Turner & Newall Limited), said by Samuel Turner, Chairman, Turner & Newall Limited, as reported by Asbestos (magazine), p. 38⁴
• Ownership: “A mine acquired by New Amianthus Mines Limited some years ago; development requires T&N to subscribe for more shares” (New Amianthus Mines Limited; Turner & Newall Limited), said by Samuel Turner, Chairman, Turner & Newall Limited, as reported by Asbestos (magazine), p. 38⁴
• Output: “So far only a small output of 4 long tons from development work recorded”, p. 15⁶
• Mill: “A mill grading plant and aerial ropeway to Barberton under construction”, p. 15⁶
• Description: “Intended to take the place of the Amianthus mine near Barberton”, p. 15⁶
• Output: “The initial annual production is estimated at 24,000 tons of chrysotile fiber” (Turner & Newall, Ltd.), p. 8⁷
• Description: “The asbestos will be carried to Barberton Station by an aerial ropeway 12 1/2 miles long” (Turner & Newall, Ltd.), p. 8⁷
• Opened: “the development of the Havelock mine in Swaziland by Turner & Newall, Ltd.” (Turner & Newall, Ltd.), p. 8⁷
• Exploration: “under development since April 1937”, p. 10¹²
• Workforce: “Plant to be erected will require about 80 Europeans and 1,800 natives” (Turner & Newall), as reported by South African Mining & Engineering Journal, p. 38⁸
• Mill: “Four grades of fibre to be produced, two spinning and two shingle; a 12 mile cableway to the railway” (Turner & Newall), as reported by South African Mining & Engineering Journal, p. 38⁸

1938

• Opened: “Turner & Newall equipping the Havelock Asbestos Mine for production, expected to begin late in 1938” (Turner & Newall), as reported by South African Mining & Engineering Journal, p. 38⁸
• Exploration: “Development and equipment by New Amianthus Mines Limited proceeding satisfactorily; production hoped to begin in 1939” (New Amianthus Mines Limited; Turner & Newall, Limited), said by Samuel Turner, Chairman, Turner & Newall, Limited, as reported by Asbestos (magazine), p. 36⁸

1939

• Ownership: “Deposits being exploited by Turner & Newall” (Turner & Newall), p. 37¹⁵
• Opened: “In January 1939 it was reported that development of the Havelock mine was proceeding satisfactorily and that production during 1939 was expected”, p. 9³⁸
• Opened: “Under development by New Amianthus Mines, Ltd., a subsidiary of Turner-Newall, for some years; began production about a year ago” (New Amianthus Mines, Ltd.; Turner-Newall, Ltd.), p. 37¹⁷
• Opened: “the beginning of production at the important Havelock mine, Swaziland, Africa”, p. 5¹²
• Output: “an output of 7,973 short tons was reported for 1939”, p. 10¹²
• Description: “connected with the railway station at Barberton by means of an overhead cableway 12.6 miles long with a capacity of 7 1/2 tons of bagged asbestos per hour”, p. 10¹²
• Opened: “the Havelock Asbestos mines, which began to produce in 1939”, p. 8³⁹
• Output: “the Havelock Mine which, since 1939, has produced an average output of 30,000 tons of high quality chrysotile annually”, p. 8²⁶
• Description: “The shaft, inclined at an angle of 40 degrees, had attained a depth of 850 feet in May 1939”, p. 10¹²
• Opened: “which has been under development since April 1937, began producing in June 1939”, p. 10¹²
• Worked: “Since June 1939 the Havelock mine in Swaziland has been an important producer of chrysotile”, p. 10⁴⁰
• Opened: “Production of chrysotile asbestos from the Havelock Mine began in June, 1939” (New Amianthus Mines, Ltd.), said by Roland Starkey and Staff of African Associated Mines, Limited, as reported by Asbestos (magazine), p. 6¹⁰
• Opened: “The Havelock Asbestos Mine started producing and transporting asbestos on June 8th (1939)” (Turner & Newall), p. 37¹⁵

1940

• Mill: “Cover photograph: general view of the mills at the new Havelock Mine and the ropeway to the main line at Barberton Station” (New Amianthus Mines, Ltd.), p. 37¹⁷
• Workforce: “Employs about 90 Europeans and 2400 natives, all with living quarters near the mine” (New Amianthus Mines, Ltd.), p. 37¹⁷
• Output: “Production in 1940 was at a rate exceeding 18,000 tons per year” (Turner & Newall, Ltd.), p. 12¹⁴
• Output: “The Havelock mine began production in June 1939 and yielded about 18,000 tons in 1940”, p. 10⁹

1941

• Output: “The Havelock mine in Swaziland near the Transvaal border has become one of the great asbestos mines of the world” (Turner & Newall, Ltd.), p. 11¹⁴
• Ownership: “Turner & Newall, Ltd., owner of the property ... the claims alone cost the company £240,000” (Turner & Newall, Ltd.), p. 11¹⁴
• Description: “A difficult transportation problem was overcome by means of a 12.6-mile aerial ropeway, with a capacity of 7.5 tons of fiber an hour” (Turner & Newall, Ltd.), p. 11¹⁴
• Description: “the Havelock mine is 12½ miles southeast of Barberton”, p. 14⁴¹

1942

• Worked: “HAVELOCK MINE - SWAZILAND”, said by Raw Asbestos Distributors Ltd., p. 24⁴²
• Output: “the recently developed Havelock mine in Swaziland, which has an annual output exceeding 24,000 tons of high-grade fiber”, p. 9¹⁶

1943

• Worked: “its output has increased considerably and it probably operated at capacity in 1943”, p. 10⁹
• Fiber: “The output consists of chrysotile”, p. 10⁹

1944

• Reserves: “Developments on the new Havelock Mine disclosed extensive ore bodies of high grade fibre”, as reported by Asbestos (magazine), p. 10¹³

1947

• Ownership: “owned by New Amianthus Mines, Ltd., a subsidiary company of Turner & Newall, Ltd.” (New Amianthus Mines, Ltd.), said by Roland Starkey and Staff of African Associated Mines, Limited, as reported by Asbestos (magazine), p. 6¹⁰
• Fiber: “chrysotile” (New Amianthus Mines, Ltd.), said by Roland Starkey and Staff of African Associated Mines, Limited, as reported by Asbestos (magazine), p. 6¹⁰
• Description: “About one quarter of the ore ... from opencast quarrying ... three quarters ... underground sub-level caving stopes” (New Amianthus Mines, Ltd.), said by Roland Starkey and Staff of African Associated Mines, Limited, as reported by Asbestos (magazine), p. 6¹⁰
• Mill: “The rate of flow from the mill bins is 110 tons per hour” (New Amianthus Mines, Ltd.), said by Roland Starkey and Staff of African Associated Mines, Limited, as reported by Asbestos (magazine), p. 7¹⁰
• Ownership: “The parent company is New Amianthus Mines, Ltd., owned by Turner & Newhall, Ltd.” (New Amianthus Mines, Ltd.), p. 8³⁹

1948

• Worked: “The Turner & Newall Limited organization operates” (Turner & Newall Limited), p. 42²⁷
• Worked: “chrysotile mined at the Havelock mine by Turner & Newhall, Ltd.” (Turner & Newhall, Ltd.), as reported by South African Mining and Engineering Journal, p. 10¹⁸
• Output: “Output in 1948 totaled 29,421 metric tons” (Turner & Newhall, Ltd.), p. 10¹⁸
• Description: “Both open-pit and underground mining methods are used” (Turner & Newhall, Ltd.), as reported by South African Mining and Engineering Journal, p. 10¹⁸
• Description: “in 1948 the original quarrying activities were discontinued and underground mining was commenced” (New Amianthus Mines (Proprietary) Limited), as reported by The Mining Journal (London), September 10, 1954, p. 42¹⁹
• Description: “The Havelock mine was first worked as an open pit but was converted to underground operation in 1948”, as reported by Mining Journal (London), p. 12²⁰
• Description: “fibre distributed under the mark HVL (Havelock)” (Turner & Newall Limited), p. 42²⁷

1949

• Output: “enough to raise the total to a new record of 30,814 metric tons in 1949”, p. 9²⁵

1950

• Output: “Output in 1950 was slightly lower than in 1949”, p. 9⁴³

1951

• Output: “Output in 1951 reached an all-time high”, p. 10⁴⁴

1952

• Mill: “The plant is capable of producing more than 2,000 tons of bagged asbestos monthly” (Turner & Newall), as reported by The Mining Journal (London), p. 42²¹
• Ownership: “the Havelock Asbestos Mine, owned by Turner & Newall, which started production in June 1939” (Turner & Newall), as reported by The Mining Journal (London), p. 42²¹
• Description: “an aerial ropeway more than 12½ miles long ... removal of 4,000,000 tons of wall, rock and overburden” (Turner & Newall), as reported by The Mining Journal (London), p. 42²¹

1953

• Worked: “Turner & Newall Ltd. are working the large New Amianthus Mine, better known as the Havelock property” (Turner & Newall Ltd.), said by W. E. Sinclair, M.I.M.M. (Consulting Mining Engineer), as reported by Asbestos (magazine), p. 12⁴⁵

1954

• Ownership: “owned and operated by New Amianthus Mines (Proprietary) Limited, technical services being provided by African Associated Mines” (New Amianthus Mines (Proprietary) Limited), as reported by The Mining Journal (London), September 10, 1954, p. 42¹⁹
• Description: “The fiber-bearing rock is hoisted from stopes through a 1,280-foot shaft dipping 40° S.”, as reported by Mining Journal (London), p. 12²⁰

1959

• Description: “a large deposit located just over the border in Swaziland”, p. 8²⁶

1960

• Description: “A short description of operations at the Havelock asbestos mine in the Barberton area was published”, as reported by Canadian Mining Journal, p. 9⁴⁶
• Output: “its total output of 32,026 tons”, as reported by Mineral Trade Notes, p. 11¹¹
• Buyers: “was exported, mainly to the United Kingdom”, as reported by Mineral Trade Notes, p. 11¹¹

1961

• Fiber: “Chrysotile”, p. 11¹¹
• Output: “Chrysotile production was over 2,500 tons monthly”, as reported by Mineral Trade Notes, p. 11¹¹
• Reserves: “Measured ore reserves were set at 10 million tons”, as reported by Mineral Trade Notes, p. 11¹¹
• Exploration: “A reopened adit in the mine's west extension disclosed a vein 30 feet wide; it contained 3.5 percent fiber”, as reported by Mineral Trade Notes, p. 11¹¹

1962

• Exploration: “A new shaft at Havelock Mine, Swaziland, work on which began June 1962, is nearly completed. It is 20 feet in diameter, 1,200 feet deep and fully concrete-lined”, p. 25²²

1963

• Ownership: “controlled by Turner-Newall, Ltd.” (Turner-Newall, Ltd.), as reported by South African Mining & Engineering Journal (Johannesburg), p. 11⁴⁷
• Exploration: “a 1,200-foot vertical shaft neared completion” (Turner-Newall, Ltd.), as reported by South African Mining & Engineering Journal (Johannesburg), p. 11⁴⁷
• Mill: “has modernized its mill” (Turner-Newall, Ltd.), as reported by South African Mining & Engineering Journal (Johannesburg), p. 11⁴⁷
• Exploration: “Havelock owns 100 claims on mineral concession No. 41 and has undertaken a detailed survey and exploration program” (Turner-Newall, Ltd.), as reported by South African Mining & Engineering Journal (Johannesburg), p. 11⁴⁷

1964

• Output: “The capacity of the new shaft is 90,000 tons of ore per month—an increase of 20,000 tons on the existing shaft”, p. 25²²
• Worked: “continued as the sole Swaziland producer of asbestos, and expanded output” (New Amianthus Mines (Pty.) Limited), as reported by Asbestos (magazine), p. 20⁴⁸
• Mill: “apparently completed the expansion program underway in 1963” (New Amianthus Mines (Pty.) Limited), as reported by Asbestos (magazine), p. 20⁴⁸
• Description: “in 1964 a 20-foot-diameter vertical shaft was sunk”, p. 42³²

1965

• Worked: “The Havelock mine continued to produce on an increasing scale”, as reported by Asbestos (magazine), p. 28⁴⁹

1967

• Output: “production at the Havelock Mine, in Swaziland, was at maximum economic level” (New Amianthus Mines (Pty.) Limited; Turner & Newall), said by Turner & Newall Limited, as reported by Asbestos (magazine), p. 27⁵⁰

1968

• Dust and health: “a second air system prevents dust pollution”, p. 42³²
• Output: “Chrysotile asbestos production from the Havelock mine, Swaziland's sole producer, increased 7 percent”, p. 9⁵¹
• Exploration: “prospecting rights ... in an area adjacent to the Havelock property, which may lead to the opening of a second mine” (London-Rhodesian Mining and Land Co. Ltd.), as reported by Mining & Engineering Journal (Johannesburg), p. 9⁵¹

1969

• Worked: “production continued from the Havelock mine, Swaziland's sole producer”, p. 9⁵²
• Ownership: “Turner & Newall's Havelock mine” (Turner & Newall), as reported by Asbestos, p. 9⁵²

1972

• Ownership: “Ownership of Havelock Asbestos Mine was transferred ... to Havelock Asbestos Mines (Swaziland) Ltd.” (New Amianthus Mines (Pty) Ltd.; Havelock Asbestos Mines (Swaziland) Ltd.; Turner & Newall Ltd.), p. 14³⁴
• Ownership: “a 20% interest in the Havelock asbestos mine would be transferred to the Government immediately without cost and another 20% would be bought from profits over 6 years” (Turner & Newall Ltd.), p. 11³³

1973

• Ownership: “now owned by Havelock Asbestos Mines, Ltd., in which the Swaziland Government owns a 40% share, with Turner & Newall owning the rest” (Havelock Asbestos Mines, Ltd.), p. 8²³
• Description: “having difficulties with weak rock underground” (Havelock Asbestos Mines, Ltd.), p. 8²³
• Output: “Yield and profits have been suffering” (Havelock Asbestos Mines, Ltd.), p. 8²³

1975

• Output: “Output is approximately 37,000 metric tons per year” (Havelock Asbestos Mines (Swaziland) Ltd.), p. 51²⁸
• Ownership: “The mine and mill are 60% owned by Turner & Newall and 40% by the Swaziland Government” (Turner & Newall; Swaziland Government), p. 51²⁸

1976

• Reserves: “Discussions were held between Havelock and Lonrho Ltd. concerning the best approach toward optimizing reserves in the lower part of the orebody. Lonrho holds the adjacent mineral rights” (Havelock Asbestos Mines (Swaziland) Ltd.), p. 47⁵³
• Ownership: “Turner and Newall -> Swaziland: Havelock Asbestos Mines (60)” (Turner and Newall), p. 6⁵⁴
• Worked: “operated at a high level of efficiency throughout its financial year; negotiations are in hand to prolong the life of the mine” (Havelock Asbestos Mines Ltd.), said by Turner & Newall Ltd., as reported by Asbestos (magazine), p. 45⁵⁵

1977

• Buyers: “The United Kingdom, Havelock's biggest customer, received about 54%” (Havelock Asbestos Mines (Swaziland) Ltd.), as reported by The Times of Swaziland, p. 38²⁹
• Output: “The United Kingdom, Havelock's biggest customer, received about 54% of the 38,600 metric tons; The entire quantity milled was 882,700 tons” (Havelock Asbestos Mines (Swaziland) Ltd.), as reported by The Times of Swaziland, p. 38²⁹
• Output: “During its latest fiscal year Havelock produced 38,600 metric tons of four standard grades of Chrysotile, 54% of which was shipped to the United Kingdom” (Havelock Asbestos Mines (Swaziland) Ltd.), p. 44²⁴
• Mill: “The short-fiber recovery unit at the Havelock mill has been enlarged and modernized and an incline shaft is to be sunk ... at the now completely-underground operation” (Havelock Asbestos Mines (Swaziland) Ltd.), p. 44²⁴
• Ownership: “the Swaziland Government is a 40% partner with Turner and Newall Ltd. in the venture” (Turner and Newall Ltd.; Swaziland Government), p. 10³⁵
• Reserves: “without further adjacent ore body acquisition, its reserves would be exhausted by 1988” (Havelock Asbestos Mines Ltd.), p. 10³⁵

1978

• Ownership: “Swaziland will acquire an additional 10% in the equity share capital of the company so that it and Turner & Newall Ltd. will become equal partners; mining leases will be extended ... to the year 2006” (Havelock Asbestos Mines (Swaziland) Ltd.), p. 52³⁶
• Output: “Output of the Havelock Mine ... actually decreased slightly to about 36,995 metric tonnes” (Havelock Asbestos Mines (Swaziland) Ltd.), p. 46³⁰

1979

• Dust and health: “the company is carrying out an extensive program for reducing the incidence of dust in the mill” (Havelock Asbestos Mines (Swaziland) Ltd.), p. 46³⁰
• Dust and health: “In the treatment plant at the mine, work continued on the dust suppression program” (Havelock Asbestos Mines (Swaziland) Ltd.), p. 38³¹
• Output: “Annual mine production totaled 34,294 tonnes in 1979 vs. 36,951 tonnes a year earlier” (Havelock Asbestos Mines (Swaziland) Ltd.), p. 38³¹

1988

• Reserves: “these reserves will be exhausted by 1988 unless negotiations to acquire adjacent orebodies are successful” (Havelock Asbestos Mines (Swaziland) Ltd.), p. 44²⁴

1991

• Reserves: “an operating life of 8 years” (Consolidated Mining Corp.), as reported by Industrial Minerals, p. 3³⁷
• Output: “a production rate of 2,500 tons per month” (Consolidated Mining Corp.), as reported by Industrial Minerals, p. 3³⁷
• Ownership: “have taken control of the Havelock asbestos mine” (Consolidated Mining Corp.), as reported by Industrial Minerals, p. 3³⁷
• Ownership: “Ownership is 15% and 85%, respectively” (Consolidated Mining Corp.), as reported by Industrial Minerals, p. 3³⁷

In medical studies

Medical studies in our research library that name this mine, by how they concern it. A search found every one that names the mine and an AI reader sorted them; the quotation, checked word for word against the text, shows where. Those that name the mine only in passing or in a reference list are left out.

Studies of the mine’s workers (1)

• McDermott M 1982: Lung function and radiographic change in chrysotile workers in Swaziland: “The effect on lung function and radiographic indices of exposure to chrysotile asbestos was investigated by cross-sectional studies in two groups of men at Havelock Mine, Swaziland.”

Other names

Documents call this mine “Havelock mine”, “Havelock Asbestos mines”, “Havelock asbestos mine”, “Havelock mine at Emlembe”, “Turner & Newall's Havelock mine”, “Havelock Asbestos Mines”, “Havelock Asbestos Mine”, “New Amianthus Mine”, “Havelock Mine”.

See also

• Havelock Asbestos Mines in the Lexicon
• Turner & Newall, Ltd.: the company's history, documents, people, products and plants
• All asbestos mines

References

1. Asbestos Magazine, 1930, February 1930 (February 1, 1930), p. 49.
2. Asbestos Magazine, 1930, March 1930 (March 1, 1930), p. 55.
3. Asbestos Magazine, 1931, February 1931 (February 1, 1931), p. 58.
4. Asbestos Magazine, 1937, April 1937 (April 1, 1937), p. 38.
5. Asbestos Magazine, 1937, February 1937 (February 1, 1937), p. 37.
6. Asbestos Magazine, 1937, July 1937 (July 1, 1937), p. 15.
7. Minerals Yearbook: Asbestos Chapters, 1938 (January 1, 1939), p. 8.
8. Asbestos Magazine, 1938, January 1938 (January 1, 1938), pp. 36, 38.
9. Minerals Yearbook: Asbestos Chapters, 1943 (January 1, 1944), p. 10.
10. Asbestos Magazine, 1947, May 1947 (May 1, 1947), pp. 6–7.
11. Minerals Yearbook: Asbestos Chapters, 1961 (January 1, 1962), p. 11.
12. Minerals Yearbook: Asbestos Chapters, 1940 (January 1, 1941), pp. 5, 10.
13. Asbestos Magazine, 1944, August 1944 (August 1, 1944), pp. 8, 10.
14. Minerals Yearbook: Asbestos Chapters, 1941 (January 1, 1942), pp. 11–12.
15. Asbestos Magazine, 1939, August 1939 (August 1, 1939), p. 37.
16. Minerals Yearbook: Asbestos Chapters, 1942 (January 1, 1943), p. 9.
17. Asbestos Magazine, 1940, July 1940 (July 1, 1940), p. 37.
18. Minerals Yearbook: Asbestos Chapters, 1948 (January 1, 1949), p. 10.
19. Asbestos Magazine, 1954, November 1954 (November 1, 1954), p. 42.
20. Minerals Yearbook: Asbestos Chapters, 1954 (January 1, 1955), p. 12.
21. Asbestos Magazine, 1952, February 1952 (February 1, 1952), p. 42.
22. Asbestos Magazine, 1964, October 1964 (October 1, 1964), p. 25.
23. Minerals Yearbook: Asbestos Chapters, 1973 (January 1, 1974), p. 8.
24. Asbestos Magazine, 1977, December 1977 (December 1, 1977), p. 44.
25. Minerals Yearbook: Asbestos Chapters, 1949 (January 1, 1950), p. 9.
26. Asbestos Magazine, 1959, August 1959 (August 1, 1959), p. 8.
27. Asbestos Magazine, 1948, April 1948 (April 1, 1948), p. 42.
28. Asbestos Magazine, 1975, December 1975 (December 1, 1975), p. 51.
29. Asbestos Magazine, 1977, November 1977 (November 1, 1977), p. 38.
30. Asbestos Magazine, 1979, December 1979 (December 1, 1979), p. 46.
31. Asbestos Magazine, 1981, January 1981 (January 1, 1981), p. 38.
32. Asbestos Magazine, 1968, September 1968 (September 1, 1968), p. 42.
33. Minerals Yearbook: Asbestos Chapters, 1972 (January 1, 1973), p. 11.
34. Asbestos Magazine, 1972, December 1972 (December 1, 1972), p. 14.
35. Minerals Yearbook: Asbestos Chapters, 1977 (January 1, 1978), p. 10.
36. Asbestos Magazine, 1978, December 1978 (December 1, 1978), p. 52.
37. Minerals Yearbook: Asbestos Chapters, 1991 (January 1, 1992), p. 3.
38. Minerals Yearbook: Asbestos Chapters, 1939 (January 1, 1940), p. 9.
39. Minerals Yearbook: Asbestos Chapters, 1947 (January 1, 1948), p. 8.
40. Minerals Yearbook: Asbestos Chapters, 1944 (January 1, 1945), p. 10.
41. Asbestos Magazine, 1941, May 1941 (May 1, 1941), p. 14.
42. Asbestos Magazine, 1942, January 1942 (January 1, 1942), p. 24.
43. Minerals Yearbook: Asbestos Chapters, 1950 (January 1, 1951), p. 9.
44. Minerals Yearbook: Asbestos Chapters, 1951 (January 1, 1952), p. 10.
45. Asbestos Magazine, 1953, December 1953 (December 1, 1953), p. 12.
46. Minerals Yearbook: Asbestos Chapters, 1960 (January 1, 1961), p. 9.
47. Minerals Yearbook: Asbestos Chapters, 1963 (January 1, 1964), p. 11.
48. Asbestos Magazine, 1966, December 1966 (December 1, 1966), p. 20.
49. Asbestos Magazine, 1967, October 1967 (October 1, 1967), p. 28.
50. Asbestos Magazine, 1968, March 1968 (March 1, 1968), p. 27.
51. Minerals Yearbook: Asbestos Chapters, 1968 (January 1, 1969), p. 9.
52. Minerals Yearbook: Asbestos Chapters, 1969 (January 1, 1970), p. 9.
53. Asbestos Magazine, 1976, December 1976 (December 1, 1976), p. 47.
54. Minerals Yearbook: Asbestos Chapters, 1976 (January 1, 1977), p. 6.
55. Asbestos Magazine, 1977, May 1977 (May 1, 1977), p. 45.