Higginbotham v. Fibreboard Corp. (1993)

Our plain-English summary of Higginbotham v. Fibreboard Corp. (Pennsylvania Superior Court, July 15, 1993).

Nathan Higginbotham and his wife Jean sued Fibreboard Corporation and other companies. The complaint alleged that he suffered from pleural asbestosis after exposure to asbestos-containing products. A jury found he was injured by Fibreboard's products and awarded damages to him and to his wife for loss of consortium. Fibreboard appealed. The opinion does not describe where or how he was exposed. The main question was whether the jury could award damages for his increased risk of developing mesothelioma or lung cancer, and for his fear of those diseases. The trial court had instructed the jury that it could. That instruction followed Pennsylvania law as it stood at trial, but the court's later Marinari decision adopted the separate disease rule. Under that rule, a nonmalignant asbestos condition and a later cancer are separate claims. The Superior Court held that the instruction made it impossible to separate damages for present injury from speculative future cancer. It vacated the judgment and ordered a new trial on his present injuries only. It did not decide the consortium and delay damages issues, because they became moot. A footnote notes that a later en banc decision overruled this panel's view that asymptomatic pleural thickening is an injury.

We wrote this summary from the court's opinion with the help of AI. It is not the court's wording, and it is not legal advice. The full opinion is below.

The decision

• Court: Pennsylvania Superior Court
• Decided: July 15, 1993
• Citation: 630 A.2d 14
• Stage: Appeal from judgment after trial
• State: Pennsylvania

Outcome. The Superior Court vacated the judgment for Nathan and Jean Higginbotham against Fibreboard Corporation and remanded for a new trial limited to Mr. Higginbotham's present injuries, so Fibreboard prevailed on appeal.

What the court held. Under Pennsylvania's separate disease rule, a plaintiff with a present nonmalignant asbestos condition cannot recover damages for the increased risk of, or fear of, a future cancer or mesothelioma. He may bring a second action if a malignancy develops later.

Issues decided: Fear of Cancer and Medical Monitoring, Trial Procedure and Discovery.

The people and their exposure

• Nathan Higginbotham: pleural plaques and thickening

The defendants

• Fibreboard Corporation (manufacturer) · its asbestos trust

Decisions this opinion cites

Earlier decisions in our library that the court cited:

• Giffear v. Johns-Manville Corp. (Pennsylvania Superior Court, 1993). The Superior Court affirmed the trial court's judgment n.o.v. for Keene and Fibreboard, setting aside the jury's $300,000 award to William Giffear, because asymptomatic pleural thickening and fear or risk of cancer are not compensable injuries.
• Marinari v. Asbestos Corp., Ltd. (Pennsylvania Superior Court, 1992). The en banc Superior Court reversed summary judgment for the defendants, holding that Marinari's lung cancer action was not time-barred by the earlier discovery of pleural thickening.

Later decisions citing this one

3 later decisions in our library cite this one:

• Simmons v. Pacor, Inc. (Pennsylvania Supreme Court, 1996). The Pennsylvania Supreme Court affirmed the Superior Court, which had upheld judgment n.o.v. for the defendants in Giffear and reversed the plaintiffs' verdicts in Simmons and Murray, so Owens-Illinois, Fibreboard and Keene prevailed over the three plaintiff couples.
• Dempsey v. Pacor, Inc. (Pennsylvania Superior Court, 1993). The Superior Court vacated the judgments entered for the six plaintiff couples against Owens-Illinois, Keene and Fibreboard and remanded for a new trial on damages only, with no fear or increased-risk-of-cancer elements.
• Giffear v. Johns-Manville Corp. (Pennsylvania Superior Court, 1993). The Superior Court affirmed the trial court's judgment n.o.v. for Keene and Fibreboard, setting aside the jury's $300,000 award to William Giffear, because asymptomatic pleural thickening and fear or risk of cancer are not compensable injuries.

The court's opinion

The text below is Google Scholar's copy of the court's opinion, a public record. Numbers in brackets, such as [*921], mark where each page of the printed reporter begins.

428 Pa. Superior Ct. 26 (1993)

630 A.2d 14

Nathan HIGGINBOTHAM and Jean Higginbotham, H/W

v.

FIBREBOARD CORPORATION, Keene Corporation, Owens-Illinois, Inc., GAF Corporation and

Armstrong World Industries, Inc.

Appeal of FIBREBOARD CORPORATION.

Argued March 30, 1993.

Filed July 15, 1993.

Reargument Denied September 23, 1993.

Superior Court of Pennsylvania.

[*27] Richard T. Wentley, Pittsburgh, for appellant.

Suzanne Reilly, Philadelphia, for appellee.

Before TAMILIA, POPOVICH and CERCONE, JJ.

TAMILIA, Judge:

Defendant Fibreboard[1] appeals from the December 10, 1991 judgment[2] entered in favor of the plaintiffs, Nathan and Jean Higginbotham, after a jury found Mr. Higginbotham was injured as a result of his exposure to asbestos-containing products manufactured by the appellant and Mrs. [*28] Higginbotham was entitled to money damages for loss of consortium. Appellant argues, inter alia, the court erred by allowing the jury to award damages on the basis appellee/husband might suffer or fears he might suffer an asbestos-related disease in the future. In support of its position, appellant relied at oral argument on this Court's en banc Opinion in Marinari v. Asbestos Corp. Ltd., 417 Pa.Super. 440, 612 A.2d 1021 (1992), wherein the "separate disease rule" was recognized and adopted as controlling in asbestos exposure actions. This rule allows a cause of action for nonmalignant, asbestos-related lung pathology and a later separate cause of action for cancer. For the reasons which follow, we vacate the judgment entered in favor of the plaintiffs and remand for a new trial in accordance with this Opinion.

The appellees' complaint alleged Mr. Higginbotham suffered from pleural asbestosis. Although expert testimony was introduced in support of this averment and we do not deny pleural thickening, even when asymptomatic, is an injury which gives rise to a cause of action, see Marinari, supra,[3] the jury charge delivered on damages contained the following erroneous instruction which, in light of the holding in Marinari, precludes a judgment in favor of plaintiffs.[4] [*29] Members of the jury, I will now charge on the damages. Please do not conclude I feel or do not feel

plaintiffs should recover. However, if you feel plaintiffs should recover you must have guidelines to find a fair and adequate amount of compensation.

In each case if you find plaintiff has a compensable asbestos-related disease or injury this will be his only day in court.

. . . .

Doctors testified [plaintiff] . . . Nathan Higginbotham, [has] an increased risk of developing asbestos-related mesothelioma. You must determine if an increased risk exists and what figure, if any, is an appropriate

award.

If you find an increased risk exists, please do three things. One, decide upon a figure you believe appropriate if plaintiffs develop mesothelioma.

Two, decide upon a fair percentage for plaintiff's increased risk.

And three, multiply the figure by the percentage to calculate a dollar amount, reasonably reflecting each

plaintiff's increased risk.

. . . .

All plaintiffs may recover for fear of contracting asbestos-related lung cancer and mesothelioma, if you find their fears are factually reasonable, legitimate and real.

Plaintiffs must prove by competent testimony, one, their fears are sincerely felt.

And two, the lung cancer and mesothelioma they fear may reasonably develop from their current condition.

There is no cause of action for risk or fear of asbestosis.

[Plaintiff] Nathan Higginbotham. . . may be fairly and adequately compensated for all past, present and

future [*30] asbestos-related physical pain, mental anguish, discomfort, inconvenience and distress.

(N.T., 4/17/91, pp. 156, 159-162.) This instruction does not allow for an accurate allocation of damages between appellee's alleged pleural thickening and any speculative future malignancy for which recovery is precluded. Accordingly, the judgment cannot stand.

This, of course, rules out an award of damages based upon the fear of developing asbestos-related lung

cancer or mesothelioma no matter how reasonable the basis for such fear. By establishing the two disease

rule for recovery and eliminating the bar of the statute of limitations preventing an action for a malignancy which developed after the onset of asbestosis or pleural thickening, the need to anticipate all possible

consequences arising out of a single disease approach has been obviated. Just as all ["past, present and

future asbestos related physical pain, mental anguish, discomfort, inconvenience and distress" (Jury

Instruction, N.T., 4/17/91, pp. 162)] arising out of asbestosis or pleural thickening injuries may be fairly compensated in the initial asbestosis action, the same factors are relevant in establishing damages for the

malignancy at the time it becomes actionable. No recovery may be had merely for the emotion and anguish

arising from the possibility of the development of a malignancy. While the appellant did not frame its

statement of the questions involved in this appeal on the erroneous charge by the court to the jury, the

statements of question had to do with, first, whether recovery may be had because cancer or mesothelioma

might occur in the future as a result of defendant's wrongful conduct, and second, whether recovery is

permitted because defendant suffers a fear that he might contract cancer or mesothelioma as a result of

defendant's wrongful conduct, which substantially centered on the court's erroneous charge. These

statements were more than adequate to permit this Court to conduct appellate review of the trial court's

governance of the case and to rule accordingly without being implicated in a sua sponte entertainment of the issues.

[*31] Morrison v. Fibreboard, ___ Pa.Super. ___, ___ _ ___, 630 A.2d 437-438 (1993).

Although the Marinari Court found juries must now base their verdicts not upon speculation but on physically objective evidence of present injury, should Mr. Higginbotham at a future date develop an asbestos-related malignancy, he is not precluded from instituting a second action.

In light of our holding on the first two issues in favor of appellant's position, we need not decide the issues related to the wife's right to consortium and the propriety of delay damages as these are rendered moot.

Based on the foregoing, we vacate the judgment entered in favor of plaintiffs and against defendant Fibreboard and remand the matter for a new trial as to only those injuries presently suffered by Mr. Higginbotham.

Judgment vacated and case remanded.

Jurisdiction relinquished.

[1] Although plaintiffs' complaint included a number of other defendants, only Fibreboard is party to this appeal. [2] The judgment appealed from included personal injury damages, loss of consortium and delay damages.

[3] This Court's en banc decision in Giffear v. Johns-Manville Corp., etal., ___ Pa.Super. ___, 632 A.2d 880 (1993), has specifically overruled this panel's holding, based on Marinari v. Asbestos Corp. Ltd., 417 Pa.Super. 440, 612 A.2d 1021 (1992), that asymptomatic pleural thickening is an injury giving rise to a cause of action. The Giffear Court stated: "Without evidence that such a condition [asymptomatic pleural thickening] is causing ascertainable physical symptoms, impairment, or disability, pleural thickening is a non-compensable injury and, therefore, does not give rise to a cause of action. . . . Thus, [Higginbotham v. Fibreboard, ___ Pa.Super. ___, 630 A.2d 14 (1993), and Morrison v. Fibreboard, ___ Pa.Super. ___, 630 A.2d 436 (1993)] are overruled only to the extent that they cite Marinari to stand for the principle treating asymptomatic pleural thickening as a legally cognizable injury." Giffear, supra at ___, 632 A.2d at 888. [4] The jury instruction given by the court on April 17, 1991 was in compliance with Pennsylvania law as it existed at that time. However, in light of this Court's en banc decision in Marinari v. Asbestos Corp. Ltd., 417 Pa.Super. 440, 612 A.2d 1021 (1992), which was decided after the jury charge was given and all appellate briefs in this matter were filed, the court's instructions are no longer an accurate representation of Pennsylvania law.

Sources

• The opinion on Google Scholar
• Pennsylvania asbestos laws
• Pennsylvania asbestos exposure sites