Landry v. Columbia Casualty Company (2015)

Our plain-English summary of Landry v. Columbia Casualty Company (U.S. District Court, Eastern District of Louisiana, May 21, 2015).

Norman Landry's wife and children sued Huntington Ingalls Inc. (successor to Avondale), along with Columbia Casualty Company and Eagle Inc., in Louisiana state court. They alleged that Mr. Landry was exposed to asbestos while working at the Avondale shipyard for about one month in 1948 and nearly two months in 1949, and that this caused his mesothelioma. The disease was diagnosed in February 2012, and he died in May 2012. The case was removed to federal court, and the claims against Columbia and Eagle were dismissed. Huntington Ingalls moved for partial summary judgment on the family's claims for bystander mental anguish damages under Louisiana Civil Code article 2315.6. The court held that the injury-causing event was the asbestos exposure, not the later progression of the disease. The family was not present at the exposure and did not come upon the scene soon after. The court also said exposure to asbestos is not a traumatic event likely to cause severe immediate anguish in an observer. It granted the motion and dismissed those claims with prejudice.

We wrote this summary from the court's opinion with the help of AI. It is not the court's wording, and it is not legal advice. The full opinion is below.

The decision

• Court: U.S. District Court, Eastern District of Louisiana
• Decided: May 21, 2015
• Docket: Civil Action No. 14-220
• Stage: Summary judgment
• State: Louisiana

Outcome. The court granted Huntington Ingalls' motion for partial summary judgment and dismissed with prejudice the plaintiffs' (Landry's wife and children) claims for bystander mental anguish damages under Louisiana Civil Code article 2315.6.

What the court held. Under Louisiana law, the injury-causing event for bystander (Lejeune) damages is the asbestos exposure, not the later progression of mesothelioma, so family members who observed the disease years later cannot recover bystander damages.

Issues decided: Compensatory Damages, Wrongful Death and Survival.

The people and their exposure

• Norman Landry: mesothelioma; died

Who	Work	Where	When	Products
Norman Landry	employee at the Avondale shipyard (shipyards and maritime work)	Avondale shipyard, Louisiana	1948-1949

The defendants

• Huntington Ingalls Inc. (employer)
• Columbia Casualty Company (insurer)
• Eagle Inc.

Other decisions in this case

Other rulings from the same court in the same case, in our library:

• Landry v. Columbia Casualty Company (September 18, 2014). The district court denied the plaintiffs' motion to remand and motion for sanctions, held that Columbia Casualty and Eagle, Inc. were fraudulently joined, and dismissed the claims against them without prejudice, leaving Huntington Ingalls as the only defendant.

Decisions this opinion cites

Earlier decisions in our library that the court cited:

• Rando v. Anco Insulations Inc. (Louisiana Supreme Court, 2009). The Louisiana Supreme Court affirmed the court of appeal's judgment for Ray Rando against his former employers JCI and Parsons, holding his tort suit was not barred by workers' compensation exclusivity or peremption and upholding liability and the $2.8 million general damages award.

The court's opinion

The text below is Google Scholar's copy of the court's opinion, a public record. Numbers in brackets, such as [*921], mark where each page of the printed reporter begins.

AGNES LANDRY, ET AL.

v.

COLUMBIA CASUALTY COMPANY, ET AL., SECTION: "H" (3).

Civil Action No. 14-220.

May 21, 2015.

United States District Court, E.D. Louisiana.

ORDER AND REASONS

JANE TRICHE MILAZZO, District Judge.

Before the Court is Defendant Huntington Ingalls Inc.'s ("HII") Motion for Partial Summary Judgment (Doc. 37). For the following reasons, the Motion is GRANTED, and Plaintiffs' claims for damages pursuant to Louisiana Civil Code Article 2315.6 are DISMISSED WITH PREJUDICE.

BACKGROUND

Plaintiffs, wife and children of the deceased, Norman Landry, allege that he was exposed to asbestos during the course of his employment at the Avondale shipyard for one month in 1948 and nearly two months in 1949.[1] Plaintiffs allege that Mr. Landry's asbestos exposure in 1948 and 1949 caused his mesothelioma, which was first diagnosed on February 3, 2012. Mr. Landry died on May 25, 2012. His surviving spouse and children filed this action in Louisiana state court against HII, Columbia Casualty Company ("Columbia"), and Eagle Inc. ("Eagle"). On January 29, 2014, HII removed the suit to this Court, alleging that it was completely diverse from Plaintiffs and that the remaining defendants had been improperly joined in an effort to prevent removal. Plaintiffs' Motion to Remand was denied and the claims against Columbia and Eagle were dismissed.

Plaintiffs assert that they are entitled to bystander damages pursuant to Louisiana Civil Code article 2315.6. Defendant contends that Plaintiffs are not entitled to these damages under Louisiana law.

LEGAL STANDARD

Summary judgment is appropriate "if the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law."[2] A genuine issue of fact exists only "if the evidence is such that a reasonable jury could return a verdict for the nonmoving party."[3]

In determining whether the movant is entitled to summary judgment, the Court views facts in the light most favorable to the non-movant and draws all reasonable inferences in his favor.[4] "If the moving party meets the initial burden of showing that there is no genuine issue of material fact, the burden shifts to the non-moving party to produce evidence or designate specific facts showing the existence of a genuine issue for trial."[5] Summary judgment is appropriate if the non-movant "fails to make a showing sufficient to establish the existence of an element essential to that party's case."[6] "In response to a properly supported motion for summary judgment, the non-movant must identify specific evidence in the record and articulate the manner in which that evidence supports that party's claim, and such evidence must be sufficient to sustain a finding in favor of the non-movant on all issues as to which the non-movant would bear the burden of proof at trial."[7] "We do not. . . in the absence of any proof, assume that the nonmoving party could or would prove the necessary facts."[8] Additionally, "[t]he mere argued existence of a factual dispute will not defeat an otherwise properly supported motion."[9]

LAW AND ANALYSIS

HII moves to dismiss Plaintiffs' claims for mental anguish damages. HII relies specifically on the temporal proximity requirement of Louisiana Civil Code Article 2315.6(A), which provides:

[Certain] persons who view an event causing injury to another person, or who come upon the scene of the

event soon thereafter, may recover damages for mental anguish or emotional distress that they suffer as a result of the other person's injury.

The primary issue in this Motion is whether the progression of Mr. Landry's mesothelioma is an injury-causing event within the meaning of Article 2315.6(A). Plaintiffs do not contend that they came upon the scene soon after Mr. Landry's alleged exposure to asbestos. Rather, Plaintiffs argue that they suffered mental anguish from viewing the progression of Mr. Landry's mesothelioma and that this progression of the disease is the injury-causing event. The Court disagrees. In Lejeune v. Rayne Branch Hospital, the Louisiana Supreme Court overruled prior law and recognized a cause of action for bystanders who witness the negligent infliction of injury on a third person to recover mental anguish damages under very limited circumstances.[10] To recover bystander or "Lejeune" damages: (1) the claimant must either view the accident or injury-causing event or come upon the scene soon after it has occurred and before substantial change in the victim's condition; (2) the direct victim of the traumatic injury must have suffered such harm that it can reasonably be expected that someone in the claimant's position would suffer serious mental anguish from the experience; (3) the claimant's emotional distress must be both reasonably foreseeable and serious; and (4) the claimant must have a sufficiently close relationship to the direct victim.[11] There is no requirement that the claimant be physically injured or suffer physical impact in the same accident as the direct victim.[12]

The Louisiana Legislature codified the Lejeune ruling by enacting Louisiana Civil Code Article 2315.6.[13] Article 2315.6 is intended to compensate for the immediate shock of witnessing a traumatic event when the harm to the direct victim is severe and apparent, not to compensate for the anguish and distress that often accompany an injury to a loved one.[14] Recovery of damages for mental anguish has almost never been extended to one who observed the victim's suffering at a place other than where the injury-causing event occurred or at a time not closely connected to the event.[15] Plaintiffs must satisfy all four requirements to recover bystander damages under Louisiana law. HII does not dispute the latter three requirements but contends that Plaintiffs fail to satisfy the first requirement. To satisfy the first requirement, Plaintiffs must prove that they viewed the injury causing event as it occurred or that they came upon the scene soon after and before substantial change in Mr. Landry's condition.

The injury-causing event occurred when Mr. Landry was allegedly exposed to asbestos, not when the mesothelioma manifested itself.[16] Plaintiffs have not alleged or presented evidence that they were present when Mr. Landry was exposed to asbestos or that they came upon the scene of his exposure soon thereafter. Louisiana Civil Code Article 2315.6 contemplates an "immediate shock" and harm that is immediately "severe and apparent." It is not intended to compensate claimants who observe the progression of a disease many years later.

Plaintiffs did not observe Mr. Landry inhale asbestos and the suffering they observed occurred more than sixty years after Mr. Landry's employment at Avondale. Moreover, even if Plaintiffs had observed Mr. Landry's exposure to asbestos, they would not be entitled to Lejeune damages because exposure to asbestos is not a traumatic event likely to cause severe contemporaneous mental anguish to an observer, even though the ultimate consequence, mesothelioma, is tragic.[17] Although Plaintiffs suffered anguish and distress as Mr. Landry's mesothelioma progressed, their mental anguish is temporally disconnected from the injury-causing event and beyond the intent of Louisiana Civil Code Article 2315.6. The Court finds that Plaintiffs have not satisfied the first Lejeune requirement and, accordingly, they are not entitled to bystander damages under Louisiana law.[18]

CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, the Motion is GRANTED, and Plaintiffs' claims for Lejeune damages are DISMISSED WITH PREJUDICE.

[1] HII is the successor in interest to Avondale.

[2] Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c) (2012).

[3] Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986).

[4] Coleman v. Houston Indep. Sch. Dist., 113 F.3d 528 (5th Cir. 1997).

[5] Engstrom v. First Nat'l Bank of Eagle Lake, 47 F.3d 1459, 1462 (5th Cir. 1995).

[6] Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 324 (1986).

[7] John v. Deep E. Tex. Reg. Narcotics Trafficking Task Force, 379 F.3d 293, 301 (5th Cir. 2004) (internal citations omitted). [8] Badon v. R J R Nabisco, Inc., 224 F.3d 382, 394 (5th Cir. 2000) (quoting Little v. Liquid Air Corp., 37 F.3d 1069, 1075 (5th Cir. 1994)). [9] Boudreaux v. Banctec, Inc., 366 F. Supp. 2d 425, 430 (E.D. La. 2005).

[10] 556 So.2d 559, 569 (La. 1990).

[11] Id. at 570.

[12] Id.

[13] Trahan v. McManus, 728 So. 2d 1273, 1278. Plaintiffs assert that Article 2315.6 does not apply to their claims because Mr. Landry's asbestos exposure occurred before its enactment and that plaintiffs' claim is therefore governed by the Lejeune decision. However, plaintiffs are not entitled to bystander damages under either Article 2315.6 or Lejeune.

[14] Veroline v. Priority One EMS, 18 So.3d 1273, 1276 (quoting Trahan, 728 So.2d at 1279) (emphasis added); Cole v. Celotex Corp., 599 So. 2d 1058, 1077 (La. 1992).

[15] Trahan, 728 So. 2d at 1279 (emphasis added).

[16] See Rando v. Anco Insulations Inc., 16 So. 3d 1065, 1083 (La. 2009).

[17] See id. An observable harm to the direct victim must arise at the time of the injurycausing event. Id. In Trahan, the parents of the direct victim watched him die after he was negligently misdiagnosed and discharged from the hospital. Id. at 1275. The doctor's negligent discharge of the patient was the injury-causing event, but it was "not a traumatic event likely to cause severe contemporaneous mental anguish to an observer, even though the ultimate consequences were tragic indeed." Id. at 1280.

[18] See Comardelle v. Pennsylvania Gen. Ins. Co., No. 13-6555, 2014 WL 5762841, at [*3] (E.D. La. Nov. 3, 2014) (granting a nearly identical motion).

Sources

• The opinion on Google Scholar
• Louisiana asbestos laws
• Louisiana asbestos exposure sites