Young v. 3M Company (2016)

Our plain-English summary of Young v. 3M Company (U.S. District Court, Middle District of North Carolina, June 2, 2016).

Vicki Young, as personal representative of the estate of James Nathan Rhodes, and his spouse Pamela Susan Rhodes sued 3M and other companies. They alleged that Mr. Rhodes died of mesothelioma in October 2013 after breathing asbestos dust in industrial and mechanic work, including exposure to gaskets, boilers, valves, pumps and turbines. They also alleged he used "Master Easy Slide," a talc-based bowling shoe powder said to contain asbestos, from the 1990s to 2013. Master Industries, Inc. and Master Industries Worldwide, LLC moved to dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction, saying they never shipped, advertised or distributed Easy Slide in North Carolina. Plaintiffs asked for limited jurisdictional discovery. The magistrate judge granted it. A North Carolina bowling alley owner said he bought Easy Slide through distributors and catalogs and sold it to Mr. Rhodes. Because the facts were disputed and the claim was not clearly frivolous, the court allowed limited written discovery and one deposition on specific jurisdiction only.

We wrote this summary from the court's opinion with the help of AI. It is not the court's wording, and it is not legal advice. The full opinion is below.

The decision

• Court: U.S. District Court, Middle District of North Carolina
• Decided: June 2, 2016
• Docket: No. 1:13CV864
• Stage: Discovery or evidence ruling
• State: North Carolina

Outcome. The magistrate judge granted Plaintiffs' motion for limited jurisdictional discovery on specific personal jurisdiction over Master Industries, Inc. and Master Industries Worldwide, LLC, over their objections.

What the court held. Where personal jurisdiction is disputed and the plaintiff's claim is not clearly frivolous or merely attenuated and based on bare allegations against specific denials, a court should ordinarily permit limited jurisdictional discovery.

Issues decided: Personal Jurisdiction, Trial Procedure and Discovery.

The people and their exposure

• James Nathan Rhodes: pleural mesothelioma; died

The defendants

• Master Industries, Inc. (manufacturer)
• Master Industries Worldwide, LLC (manufacturer)
• 3M Company (manufacturer)

Other decisions in this case

Other rulings from the same court in the same case, in our library:

• Young v. American Talc Company (November 21, 2017). The court granted the motions of Master Industries, Inc. and Master Industries Worldwide, LLC to dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction and dismissed them without prejudice; the plaintiff lost as to those two defendants.

The court's opinion

The text below is Google Scholar's copy of the court's opinion, a public record. Numbers in brackets, such as [*921], mark where each page of the printed reporter begins.

VICKI YOUNG, as Personal Representative of the Estate of JAMES NATHAN RHODES and PAMELA

SUSAN RHODES, his Spouse, Plaintiffs,

v.

3M COMPANY f/k/a MINNESOTA MINING AND MANUFACTURING COMPANY, etal., Defendants.

No. 1:13CV864.

June 2, 2016.

United States District Court, M.D. North Carolina.

MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER OF UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE

JUDGE

JOE L. WEBSTER, Magistrate Judge.

This matter is before the court upon Plaintiffs Vicki Young, as Personal Representative of the Estate of James Nathan Rhodes and Pamela Susan Rhodes' Motion for Limited Jurisdictional Discovery Regarding Defendants Master Industries, Inc. ("Master") and Master Industries Worldwide, LLC ("MIW") (Docket Entry 291). For the reasons stated below, the court grants Plaintiffs' motion.

I. BACKGROUND

Plaintiffs filed this action against several defendants seeking monetary damages for Plaintiff James Nathan Rhodes. (Compl., Docket Entry 1.) Mr. Rhodes contracted asbestos cancer from exposure to asbestos dust while working in the mechanical and industrial employment field. (Third Am. Compl. ¶ 9, Docket Entry 306.) Mr. Rhodes subsequently died as a result of his asbestos caused disease, Mesothelioma. An amended complaint was filed to add a claim for wrongful death, and to substitute and add parties to this action. (First Am. Compl., Docket Entry 171.) Plaintiffs thereafter filed a second amended complaint to add additional parties including Master and MIW.[1] (Second Am. Complaint, Docket Entry 228.) Master and MIW both filed motions to dismiss (Docket Entries 275, 282.) On February 11, 2016, Plaintiffs filed the pending motion for limited jurisdictional discovery pertaining to Master and MIW. (Docket Entry 291.)[2]

II. STANDARD OF REVIEW

"On a personal jurisdiction challenge, the plaintiff bears the burden of ultimately proving personal jurisdiction by a preponderance of the evidence." Pathfinder Software, LLC v. Core Cashless, LLC, 127 F. Supp. 3d 531, 537 (M.D.N.C. 2015) (citing Carefirst of Md., Inc. v. Carefirst Pregnancy Ctrs., Inc., 334 F.3d 390, 396 (4th Cir. 2003)). To determine whether the court has personal jurisdiction over a defendant, "the Court may either postpone the decision and permit discovery, determine the motion on the basis of the pleadings and affidavits, or hold an evidentiary hearing." Rich v. KIS California, Inc., 121 F.R.D. 254, 259 (M.D.N.C. 1988) (citing Marine Midland Bank, N.A. v. Miller, 664 F.2d 899, 904 (2d Cir. 1981)). "The decision of whether to permit jurisdictional discovery is a matter of discretion of the court." Brady v. XE Servs. LLC, No. 5:09-CV-449-BO, 2010 WL 2711395, at [*1] (E.D.N.C. July 7, 2010) (citing Base Metal Trading, Ltd. v. Ojsc Novochuznetsky Aluminum factory, 283 F.3d 208, 216 n.3 (4th Cir. 2002). "When plaintiff can show that discovery is necessary in order to meet defendant's challenge to personal jurisdiction, a court should ordinarily permit discovery on that issue unless plaintiffs claim appears to be clearly frivolous." Rich, 121 F.R.D. at 259 (citation omitted); see also Celgard, LLC v. SK Innovation Co., No. 3:13-CV-00254-MOC, 2013 WL 7088637, at [*6] (W.D.N.C. Nov. 26, 2013) ("Where the issue of personal jurisdiction is unclear, the Court may order discovery directed towards personal jurisdiction issues alone."). A plaintiff's request for limited discovery will be considered a fishing expedition when a "claim of personal jurisdiction appears to be both attenuated and based on bare allegations in the face of specific denials made by defendants." Rich, 121 F.R.D. at 259 (citation omitted). However, notwithstanding a threshold prima facie finding of personal jurisdiction, a plaintiff must

subsequently "prove the existence of personal jurisdiction by a preponderance of the evidence" at a pretrial evidentiary hearing or at trial. New Wellington Fin. Corp. v. Flagship Resort Dev. Corp., 416 F.3d 290, 294 n.5 (4th Cir. 2005) (internal citation omitted).

III. DISCUSSION

Plaintiffs contend that they have established adequate facts to warrant jurisdictional discovery which will provide the court with a clearer record to ultimately determine whether the court has personal jurisdiction over Master and MIW. (Pis.' Br., Docket Entry 292 at 1.) Master and MIW contend that Plaintiffs only make conclusory and speculative assertions about their connection to North Carolina. (MIW's Resp., Docket Entry 298 at 4; Master's Resp., Docket Entry 297 at 3.) In their amended complaint, Plaintiffs assert that Mr. Rhodes died from Malignant Mesothelioma on October 20, 2013, as a result of contracting an incurable asbestos cancer. (Third Am. Compl. ¶¶ 2, 7, Docket Entry 306.) Plaintiffs further allege that breathing asbestos dust ultimately caused Mr. Rhodes to contract the cancer. (Id. ¶ 7.) Mr. Rhodes' work involved industrial and mechanic trades which exposed him to "asbestos gaskets, boilers, valves, pumps, turbines, talc, steam traps, and other asbestos-containing materials and products, all of which can release vast amounts of asbestos dust into the air when disturbed." (Id. ¶ 9.) Additionally, Mr. Rhodes was an avid bowler, from the 1990's to 2013, that regularly used a product of Master and MIW's known as "Master Easy Slide" ("Easy Slide") which is applied to the bottom of bowling shoes. (Id. ¶ 10.) Plaintiffs allege that "[t]he Master Easy Slide product was a talc- or powder-based product that also contained substantial amounts of carcinogenic asbestos fibers." (Id. ¶ 11.)

Mr. Rhodes was a citizen of South Carolina but he worked in North Carolina. (Id. ¶ 5-6.) Both Plaintiffs are citizens of South Carolina. (Id. ¶ 4.) Master and MIW were both incorporated in Utah. (Id. ¶¶ 15 T-U.) Both companies' principal places of business are in California. (Id.) Master was incorporated in 1969. (Norman Aff. ¶ 2, Docket Entry 282-1.) On December 27, 2011, Master sold its assets to MIW. (Id. ¶ 4.) According to Bill Norman, majority shareholder of Master and former President, MIW and Master are "separate, distinct, and wholly unrelated entities]." (Id.) When it existed, Master manufactured and distributed Easy Slide. (Id. ¶ 5.) According to David Symes, the "President of Storm Products, Inc. which is the sole member and the manager of [MIW]," MIW manufactures and distributes bowling products and accessories. (Symes Aff. ¶¶ 2, 4, Docket Entry 275-1.) Easy Slide is one of the product lines purchased by MIW. (Id. ¶ 4.) Plaintiffs argue that the affidavit of Robert Paolino, an individual that has an ownership interest and operates a bowling alley frequented by Mr. Rhodes, establishes adequate facts to warrant jurisdictional discovery. (Pis.' Br., Docket Entry 292 at 2.) Mr. Paolino states that he is "in regular contact with various distributors of bowling products and accessories and routinely receive[s] product catalogs." (Paolino Aff. ¶ 3, Docket Entry 279-1.) Mr. Paolino alleges that the catalogs advertised to him contain Easy Slide. (Id. ¶ 4.) Mr. Paolino also contends that Easy Slide is regularly marketed to bowling alleys and pro shops throughout North Carolina via interactive websites, catalogs, and sales agents. (Id. ¶ 5.) Mr. Paolino further alleges that he has regularly purchased products and accessories including Easy Slide from distributors and catalogs. (Id. ¶ 6.) Mr. Paolino sells the products and accessories to customers including Mr. Rhodes. (Id. ¶ 7.)

To the contrary, Mr. Norman states that,

7. Master never had any offices, facilities, or employees in North Carolina.

8. Master never owned or leased any real or personal property in North Carolina.

9. Master never had any mailing addresses, telephone listings, or bank accounts in North Carolina.

10. Master was never registered to do business in North Carolina.

(Norman Aff. ¶¶ 7-10, Docket Entry 282-1.) Mr. Norman further alleges that Master only sold and shipped its products through third party distributors, not retailers. (Id. ¶¶ 11.) According to Mr. Norman, from approximately 1999 to 2008, Master's website listed a single distributor in North Carolina; but from approximately mid-2008 until the sale of its assets to MIW in 2011, Master did not list a single distributor in North Carolina, nor did it ship Easy Slide to North Carolina. (Id. ¶ 12.) Mr. Norman further contends that Master did occasionally advertise its products in certain magazines, but did not advertise or direct any communications or promotions to North Carolina. (Id. ¶ 14.) Mr. Norman also alleges that Easy Slide was never offered online. (Id. ¶ 16.)

Similarly, Mr. Symes states that MIW sells and ships its products through distributors. (Symes Aff. ¶ 6, Docket Entry 275-1.) Mr. Symes also states that MIW does not have a North Carolina distributor and does not ship its product, including Easy Slide, to North Carolina. (Id.) Mr. Symes further states MIW has only sold products directly to one North Carolina customer and the product was shoe rental spray. (Symes Suppl. Aff. ¶ 4, Docket Entry 284-1.) Additionally, Mr. Symes alleges that MIW does not advertise in North Carolina other than through national periodicals and has not "direct[ed] any communication or promotions to North Carolina." (Symes Aff. ¶ 7, Docket Entry 275-1).

The issue is whether the affidavits support Plaintiffs' assertion that jurisdictional discovery will provide facts that establish the court's personal jurisdiction over Masters and MIW. Plaintiffs only claim that the court has specific jurisdiction over Masters and MIW. (Pis.' Br., Docket Entry 292 at 2.) To determine whether the court has specific jurisdiction over a defendant, the court considers "(1) the extent to which the defendant has purposefully availed itself of the privilege of conducting activities in the state; (2) whether the plaintiffs' claims arise out of those activities directed at the state; and (3) whether the exercise of personal jurisdiction would be constitutionally reasonable." Epic Tech, LLC v. STHR Grp., LLC, No. 1:15CV252, 2015 WL 8179513, at [*6] (M.D.N.C. Dec. 7, 2015), report and recommendation adopted, No. 1:15-CV-252, 2015 WL 9592522 (M.D.N.C. Dec. 31, 2015). The affidavits must show that Plaintiffs' request for jurisdictional discovery is not merely frivolous, but will assist the court in determining whether it has specific jurisdiction. Rich, 121 F.R.D. at 259. With respect to MIW, jurisdictional discovery is warranted. Mr. Paolino states that he routinely purchased Easy Slide through distributors and catalogs. (Paolino Aff. 6, Docket Entry 279-1.) Mr. Paolino further states that he did not stop purchasing Easy Slide until the early part of 2016. (Id. ¶¶ 8-9.)[3] According to Mr. Symes, MIW placed advertisements in national periodicals. (Symes Aff. ¶ 7, Docket Entry 275-1.) Likewise, Mr. Paolino states that he purchased Easy Slide through catalogs. (Paolino Aff. ¶ 6, Docket Entry 279-1.) Therefore, Plaintiffs' claim that this court has personal jurisdiction is not merely "attenuated and based on bare allegations in the face of specific denials made by defendants." Rich, 121 F.R.D. at 259 (notwithstanding the defendant's challenge, the court granted jurisdictional discovery over a company that manufactured photo processing equipment and had its wholly owned subsidiary sell the product to the plaintiff). Concerning Master, jurisdictional discovery is also warranted. Mr. Norman admitted that Master had a distributor in Greensboro, North Carolina. (Norman Suppl. Aff. ¶¶ 3-4, Docket Entry 294-1.) However, similar to MIW, Mr. Norman alleges that Master never shipped Easy Slide to the Greensboro location. (Id. ¶ 5.) In addition, Mr. Norman states that Master's products were advertised in certain magazines, but no communications or promotions were directed to North Carolina. (Norman Aff. ¶ 14, Docket Entry 282-1.) Nonetheless, as stated above, Mr. Paolino alleges that he purchased Easy slide through catalogs. (Paolino Aff. ¶ 6, Docket Entry 279-1.) Thus, Plaintiffs' request for jurisdictional discovery does not "appear[] to be clearly frivolous." Rich, 121 F.R.D. at 259.

Additionally, it is unclear whether MIW or Master sold Easy Slide to Mr. Paolino through a distributor. Both MIW and Master claim to have never shipped Easy Slide to North Carolina. Nevertheless, Mr. Paolino states that he regularly placed orders with distributors to purchase Easy Slide. (Paolino Aff. ¶ 6, Docket Entry 279-1.) Moreover, Mr. Paolino states that "Master Easy Slide was routinely marketed to [him] via websites, catalogs, distributors, and sales agents" before and after 2012. (Paolino Suppl. Aff. ¶ 4, Docket Entry 289-2.) This time span covers both MIW and Master's control of Easy Slide. While an analysis regarding whether jurisdictional discovery is proper should be conducted separately for MIW and Master, the fact remains that these companies are associated with one another and both shipped bowling products through distributors. "The jurisdictional facts are disputed here, but should be easily clarified through limited discovery." Celgard, 2013 WL 7088637, at [*6] (allowing limited jurisdictional discovery to determine if the plaintiff's allegation that the defendant sold materials to a company doing business in North Carolina was sufficient to establish general jurisdiction). Therefore, because there is conflicting evidence regarding who is responsible for allegedly distributing Easy Slide to Mr. Paolino, the court will grant jurisdictional discovery.

IV. CONCLUSION

For the reasons set forth above, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that Plaintiffs' Motion for Limited Jurisdictional Discovery Regarding Defendants Master Industries, Inc. and Master Industries Worldwide, LLC (Docket Entry 291) is GRANTED. In granting jurisdictional discovery, the court will limit discovery to the topic of specific jurisdiction with respect to Master and MIW. Plaintiffs may serve eight (8) interrogatories and (8) requests for production of documents on both Master and MIW related solely to the issue of specific jurisdiction. Unless the parties stipulate otherwise, Plaintiffs shall serve these interrogatories and requests within seven (7) days from the date of this Order, with responses to be served by Defendants

twenty-one (21) days after service from Plaintiffs. Plaintiffs may also take one Rule 30(b)(6) deposition of Master and MIW's designees, with such deposition of each designee to be limited to five (5) hours. Unless the parties stipulate otherwise, this deposition must occur within forty (40) days from the date of this Order.

[1] Plaintiffs have filed a third amended complaint since this motion was filed. (Third Am. Compl, Docket Entry 306.) [2] A summarization of the relevant facts is in the discussion section of this order.

[3] The court notes that Mr. Paolino's affidavit was sworn on January 6, 2016. Thus, it is unlikely that his assertion that he stopped purchasing Easy Slide "earlier this year" refers to the early part of 2016. Nonetheless, MIW purchased Master's assets, including Easy Slide, back in 2011. (Norman Aff. ¶ 4, Docket Entry 282-1.) Thus, Mr. Paolino would have still been purchasing Easy Slide from MIW during the early part of 2015.

Sources

• The opinion on Google Scholar
• North Carolina asbestos laws
• North Carolina asbestos exposure sites