Belvidere Mountain quarry, Hyde Park / Eden, Vermont

The Belvidere Mountain quarry in northern Vermont was a chrysotile mine on land that, as Asbestos, the industry's trade journal, put it in 1981, "straddles the town lines of Eden and Lowell."^8,10 The sources place it near Eden and Hyde Park in Lamoille County, and later at Lowell in Orleans County.^11,12,13 In 1957 the journal called it "the largest asbestos mine in the United States," and the U.S. Bureau of Mines' Minerals Yearbook named its operator the largest producer of asbestos in the country in 1938, 1941 and 1963.^11,14,15,16 A 1945 history in Asbestos says that "the first effort to produce Vermont asbestos commercially came in 1899, when Judge E. M. Tucker started on a very limited scale to mine asbestos deposits found on the north side of Belvidere Mountain."¹

The early companies

According to the same 1945 history, Judge Tucker "sold out to the Lowell Lumber and Asbestos Company, headed by W. S. Gallagher," and the mine became known locally as "the Gallagher mine"; Gallagher "worked the mine for several years and built a mill."¹ On the other side of the mountain, "operations at Eden were first started in 1901," with a mill and work "by two companies now out of existence."¹ The Lowell operation "was discontinued some thirty years ago," the history said, and the property stayed idle until The Ruberoid Co. reopened it.¹ In 1920 the trade journal reported that the Asbestos Corporation of America had acquired "the southwesterly slope of Belvidere Mountain, comprising about 600 acres," formerly the property of the New England and United States Asbestos Corporation, and in 1922 that its mill at Eden "is now in operation."^2,4

Vermont Asbestos Corporation

In September 1928 Asbestos reported that the Asbestos Corporation of Vermont had been "closed out by the bondholders," and that the Vermont Asbestos Company had succeeded to the property.⁵ The 1945 history dates the takeover by Vermont Asbestos Corporation, headed by Timothy E. Byrnes, to 1927.¹ The trade journal said that "since December 1, 1928, the quarry and mill have been in operation," while the Minerals Yearbook said the company "began operation in 1929 at its property near Hyde Park."^3,17 In 1930 the company claimed to have become "the largest producer of chrysotile asbestos fibres" in the United States.⁶

The Ruberoid years

The Ruberoid Company announced in February 1936 that it had acquired the Vermont Asbestos Corporation and its mine at Eden, to be run as the Vermont Production Co., Inc.; the yearbook dated the purchase to February 1936.^8,18 Ruberoid said about 125 workmen, "largely recruited from the vicinity of Eden," had been employed at the height of the operating season in the two years before.⁸ The operating company changed its name to Vermont Asbestos Corporation late in 1936, and the yearbook reported that it became Vermont Asbestos Mines, a division of the Ruberoid Co., in 1938.^15,19 In 1937 the company reported mill additions costing "approximately $200,000" that doubled the mill's output and would raise the number of men employed "to more than 140."⁹ In May 1939 "full-time operation with three eight-hour shifts" was ordered, with employment "for 215 men," and the trade journal said the mine and mill were then "the source of about 90% of all the asbestos fibre produced in the United States."²⁰

In 1943 the company "discontinued operation of its open-pit mine adjacent to the mill" and developed a new operation "on the opposite slope of Belvidere Mountain"; "because of the change in source of raw material there was no production during 1943."²¹ The yearbook reported that "the first large blast, fired in the new quarry about June 1, 1944, uncovered substantial quantities of long slip-fiber chrysotile," which it called "the only large deposit of long-fiber chrysotile found in the United States up to the present time."²² Rock went "over the mountain" to the Eden mill by "an overhead cableway about 1 mile long," which the trade journal said could "deliver 2,500 tons of asbestos ore a day" and was meant to end "winter shutdowns of several months."^1,22

The yearbook reported that a new fiber-processing mill went into operation "at Lowell, Vt., in 1949," and that the company "used part of the output in its own asbestos-products plants."^23,24 In 1954 Asbestos described a "six-story mill building" with a capacity of "100 to 125 t.p.h. of raw ore," holdings of "3,000 acres," and an ore body "3,000 feet long and 400 to 800 ft. wide," and said the mine produced "96 per cent of the chrysotile asbestos produced in this country."²⁵ For 1956 through 1959 the yearbook called it "the one large asbestos producer in the United States."^26,27,28,29

GAF and the workers

By 1967, according to the Bureau of Mines as Asbestos summarized it, the property "was formerly the Vermont Asbestos Mines Division of The Ruberoid Co. and is now a part of GAF."³⁰ For 1968 the Bureau reported that most of the output went to GAF's own plants "for the manufacture of asbestos-cement roofing and siding, industrial board and corrugated sheets."³¹ The yearbook for 1974 said that "the cost of coming into compliance with environmental regulations was the announced cause of the GAF Corp.'s decision to leave the asbestos-mining industry," and that the mine "was scheduled for closure by GAF in March 1975."³² Instead, Asbestos reported, Vermont Asbestos Group, Inc. bought "the 2,300-acre asbestos quarry and mill," and "as of March 13, 1975, the former workers became the owners of the entire operation"; the purchase price "was just $400,000," but "over $2-million in loans was necessary."³³ The yearbook said the employee group "has been highly successful in efforts to keep it operating."³⁴

In 1977 the trade journal reported a $4.8-million offer for the mine that was later "terminated," and a contract approved on October 5 that ended the workers' "threat of a strike."³⁵ In April 1978 Howard A. Manosh "won control of VAG," ousting the previous management.³⁶

The last years

The sources give the mine's output in different ways: Asbestos reported "about 40,000 tons of finished fiber" a year in 1976, said in 1978 that "the projected annual production rate of 40,000 tons has not materialized," and gave "some 30,000 tons" in 1979.^36,37,38 In 1981 the journal wrote that Lowell's "573-member community draws 50% of its property taxes from VAG," and that "one out of every two households is reported to have a family member working at the mine."¹⁰ The miners "went on strike in October" 1983 and were out "until February 1, 1984," according to the yearbook.^39,40 For 1994 it said the company "sold asbestos fiber from inventory," and the yearbook for 1995 reported that Vermont Asbestos Group, "which stopped mining and milling asbestos in 1994, closed in 1995."^41,42

The documents report this mine producing asbestos fiber for sale.¹

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Location

Output the documents report

Figures as printed, in the units each document uses (short tons before about 1990, metric tons after, in most U.S. chapters). Some are a year's output, some a daily rate or a capacity, some a company's total rather than this mine's alone; the statement for that year below says which.

Year	Figure	Source
1976	40,000 tons of finished fiber	37
1977	40,000 tons per year	43
1979	30,000 tons	38

Year by year

Every statement about this mine in the documents, in each document's own words, by the year it is about.

1899

• Opened: “first effort to produce Vermont asbestos commercially came in 1899” (Judge E. M. Tucker), p. 12¹

1900

• Ownership: “Judge Tucker sold out to the Lowell Lumber and Asbestos Company” (Lowell Lumber and Asbestos Company), p. 12¹

1901

• Opened: “Operations at Eden were first started in 1901. A mill was built”, p. 14¹

1904

• Description: “Numerous efforts have been made during the past twenty-five years to work this deposit”, p. 52³

1906

• Mill: “Mr. Gallagher worked the mine for several years and built a mill” (Lowell Lumber and Asbestos Company), p. 12¹

1915

• Closed: “Operation by the Lowell company was discontinued some thirty years ago, and the property remained idle” (Lowell Lumber and Asbestos Company), p. 14¹

1920

• Ownership: “acquired control ... of the southwesterly slope of Belvidere Mountain” (The Asbestos Corporation of America), p. 42²
• Ownership: “formerly the property of the New England and United States Asbestos Corporation” (New England and United States Asbestos Corporation), p. 42²

1922

• Mill: “completed the installation of equipment ... and the Mill is now in operation” (Asbestos Corporation of America), p. 49⁴

1927

• Ownership: “acquired by the Vermont Asbestos Corporation, a new organization, owned by strong interests in Boston” (Vermont Asbestos Corporation), p. 52³
• Ownership: “taken over by Vermont Asbestos Corporation” (Vermont Asbestos Corporation), p. 14¹

1928

• Ownership: “closed out by the bondholders ... the Vermont Asbestos Company has succeeded to the business and property” (Asbestos Corporation of Vermont; Vermont Asbestos Company), p. 46⁵
• Mill: “their new crusher installed in the mill ... crushing from 200 to 300 tons of rock per month” (Vermont Asbestos Company), said by T. E. Byrnes (Vermont Asbestos Company), as reported by Asbestos (magazine), p. 46⁵
• Worked: “Since December 1, 1928, the quarry and mill have been in operation” (Vermont Asbestos Corporation), p. 52³

1929

• Mill: “planning to enlarge the capacity of the present unit to 1,000 tons of rock per day” (Vermont Asbestos Corporation), said by Vermont Asbestos Corporation, as reported by Asbestos (magazine), p. 52³
• Ownership: “acquired the property and asbestos deposits on Belvidere Mountain ... a little over a year ago” (Vermont Asbestos Corporation), said by Vermont Asbestos Corporation, as reported by Asbestos (magazine), p. 26⁶
• Description: “replaced by a large and more powerful Marion electric shovel” (Vermont Asbestos Corporation), said by Vermont Asbestos Corporation, as reported by Asbestos (magazine), p. 26⁶
• Mill: “twenty-three mile power line was built from Fairfax, Vermont, to the Mine” (Vermont Asbestos Corporation), said by Vermont Asbestos Corporation, as reported by Asbestos (magazine), p. 26⁶
• Opened: “began operation in 1929 at its property near Hyde Park, Lamoille County” (Vermont Asbestos Corporation), p. 4¹⁷

1930

• Worked: “Vermont Asbestos Corporation, mining and milling asbestos fibres, Mine-Eden, Vermont” (Vermont Asbestos Corporation), said by Vermont Asbestos Corporation, p. 29⁴⁴
• Output: “the largest producer of chrysotile asbestos fibres ... in the United States” (Vermont Asbestos Corporation), said by Vermont Asbestos Corporation, as reported by Asbestos (magazine), p. 26⁶
• Worked: “its Mines at Eden, Vermont” (Vermont Asbestos Corporation), said by Vermont Asbestos Corporation, as reported by Asbestos (magazine), p. 26⁶

1931

• Worked: “Work going on steadily despite four to six feet of snow at the mines at Eden” (Vermont Asbestos Corporation), p. 48⁴⁵
• Mill: “Additional crusher and screening equipment being installed” (Vermont Asbestos Corporation), p. 48⁴⁵

1932

• Worked: “The increase in volume of production was due to a moderate enlargement of activity in the plant at Hyde Park, Vt.”, p. 1¹⁷
• Worked: “was fairly active during the year” (Vermont Asbestos Corporation), p. 4¹⁷

1933

• Worked: “"one of the most active mines in the United States at the present time"” (Vermont Asbestos Corporation), p. 4⁴⁶
• Mill: “Milling plant of the Vermont Asbestos Corporation located at Eden, Vermont” (Vermont Asbestos Corporation), p. 4⁴⁶
• Worked: “The entire output was made by the Vermont Asbestos Corporation of America at its property in Lamoille County near Hyde Park” (Vermont Asbestos Corporation of America), p. 5⁷
• Fiber: “Total sales of asbestos (chrysotile) in Vermont in 1933 increased compared with 1932” (Vermont Asbestos Corporation of America), p. 5⁷

1934

• Workforce: “Approximately 125 American workmen employed in the past two years at the height of the operating season” (Vermont Asbestos Corporation), said by The Ruberoid Company, as reported by Asbestos (magazine), p. 22⁸

1935

• Mill: “Primary crusher house with hoist hauling rock along the almost level quarry floor; dryer house with two dryers, one secondary and two tertiary gyratory crushers” (Vermont Asbestos Corporation), p. 4⁴⁷
• Worked: “Production of nonspinning chrysotile fiber near Hyde Park, Lamoille County, is attaining increasing importance”, p. 3¹⁸

1936

• Fiber: “Chrysotile ("the fibrous, silky variety of serpentine asbestos, milled from the chrysotile asbestos rock")”, said by The Ruberoid Company, as reported by Asbestos (magazine), p. 22⁸
• Reserves: “Property with prospective additions comprises approximately 1700 acres of asbestos deposits on Belvidere Mountain” (Vermont Production Co., Inc.), said by The Ruberoid Company, as reported by Asbestos (magazine), p. 22⁸
• Mill: “Additions to the present asbestos fiberizing plant which will greatly increase production” (Vermont Production Co., Inc.), said by The Ruberoid Company, as reported by Asbestos (magazine), p. 22⁸
• Ownership: “Ownership of the Vermont Asbestos Corporation, with asbestos mine at Eden, acquired by The Ruberoid Company; operated as Vermont Production Co., Inc.” (The Ruberoid Company; Vermont Production Co., Inc.), said by The Ruberoid Company, as reported by Asbestos (magazine), p. 22⁸
• Description: “"virtually the only operating chrysotile asbestos mine in the United States"” (Vermont Asbestos Corporation), said by Vermont Asbestos Corporation, as reported by Asbestos (magazine), p. 39¹⁹
• Mill: “Additions and improvements greatly increased gross production and made shorter grades available; grades listed” (Vermont Asbestos Corporation), said by Vermont Asbestos Corporation, as reported by Asbestos (magazine), p. 39¹⁹
• Ownership: “Vermont Production Co., Inc., operating quarries and fibre mills at Eden, changed its corporate name to Vermont Asbestos Corporation” (Vermont Asbestos Corporation (formerly Vermont Production Co., Inc.)), said by Vermont Asbestos Corporation, as reported by Asbestos (magazine), p. 39¹⁹
• Ownership: “The Ruberoid Co. acquired the property in 1936” (The Ruberoid Co.), p. 32²⁰
• Ownership: “In 1936 The Ruberoid Co. purchased all the properties of Vermont Asbestos Corporation” (The Ruberoid Co.), p. 14¹
• Output: “Since 1936 annual shipments of asbestos fibre from the Eden mill have been increased more than 100 per cent” (Vermont Asbestos Mines, Division of The Ruberoid Co.), p. 14¹
• Ownership: “In February 1936 the property of the Vermont Asbestos Corporation of America was acquired by Vermont Production Co., Inc., a subsidiary of the Ruberoid Co.” (Vermont Production Co., Inc. (Ruberoid Co.)), p. 3¹⁸

1937

• Mill: “Mill additions and equipment improvements of approximately $200,000 completed; mill output doubled; "floats" and brake lining grades recovered” (Vermont Asbestos Corporation), said by Vermont Asbestos Corporation, as reported by Asbestos (magazine), p. 37⁹
• Workforce: “Improvements will increase the number of men employed to more than 140” (Vermont Asbestos Corporation), said by Vermont Asbestos Corporation, as reported by Asbestos (magazine), p. 37⁹
• Fiber: “Chrysotile”, said by Vermont Asbestos Corporation, as reported by Asbestos (magazine), p. 37⁹
• Mill: “Vermont Asbestos Corporation (a subsidiary) at Eden increased tonnage capacity and recovered grades not heretofore produced” (Vermont Asbestos Corporation; The Ruberoid Co.), said by The Ruberoid Co., as reported by Asbestos (magazine), p. 38⁴⁸
• Description: “These deposits, which are regarded as an extension of the chrysotile belt of Quebec, Canada, furnish a large percentage of the entire output of asbestos in the United States” (Vermont Asbestos Corporation), p. 4⁴⁹
• Mill: “The Vermont Asbestos Corporation ... operated its enlarged mill at Eden, Lamoille County, actively during 1937” (Vermont Asbestos Corporation), p. 4⁴⁹
• Output: “A full line of mill fibers is prepared, but virtually no crudes are produced” (Vermont Asbestos Corporation), p. 4⁴⁹

1938

• Ownership: “The name of the company operating the well-known property at Eden, Lamoille County, has been changed to Vermont Asbestos Mines, division of the Ruberoid Co.” (Vermont Asbestos Mines, division of the Ruberoid Co.), p. 6¹⁵
• Output: “This company is the largest producer of asbestos in the United States” (Vermont Asbestos Mines, division of the Ruberoid Co.), p. 6¹⁵

1939

• Output: “Capacity increased since Ruberoid acquired the property in 1936 so that Eden is the source of about 90% of all asbestos fibre produced in the United States” (The Ruberoid Co.), p. 32²⁰
• Fiber: “The extensive deposit worked by the company near Eden, Lamoille County, contains slip-fiber chrysotile in serpentine” (Vermont Asbestos Mines, a division of the Ruberoid Co.), p. 6⁵⁰
• Description: “Domestic production of chrysotile asbestos is centered chiefly in the extensive deposits near Hyde Park in northern Vermont”, p. 1⁵⁰
• Workforce: “operated continuously with three shifts of workers during the summer of 1939” (Vermont Asbestos Mines, a division of the Ruberoid Co.), p. 6⁵⁰
• Workforce: “Employment will be provided for 215 men” (The Ruberoid Co.), p. 32²⁰
• Worked: “Full-time operation with three eight-hour shifts ordered on May 18 at the mine and mill of The Ruberoid Co. at Eden” (The Ruberoid Co.), p. 32²⁰

1941

• Output: “Shingle fiber, special brake-lining fibers, and shorter grades were produced in larger quantities in 1941 than in 1940” (Vermont Asbestos Mines Division of the Ruberoid Co.), p. 4¹¹
• Description: “An extensive deposit of slip-fiber chrysotile near Eden, Lamoille County, is excavated by open-pit methods, and the rock is milled in a large, well-equipped establishment” (Vermont Asbestos Mines Division of the Ruberoid Co.), p. 4¹¹
• Output: “Vermont Asbestos Mines Division of the Ruberoid Co. ... is the largest producer of asbestos in the United States” (Vermont Asbestos Mines Division of the Ruberoid Co.), p. 4¹¹

1942

• Output: “The volume of output was somewhat lower than in 1941” (Vermont Asbestos Mines Division of the Ruberoid Co.), p. 4⁵¹
• Worked: “continued to operate its open-pit mine and well-equipped mill near Eden, Lamoille County” (Vermont Asbestos Mines Division of the Ruberoid Co.), p. 4⁵¹

1943

• Output: “Asbestos sales during 1943 were made from stock on hand” (Vermont Asbestos Mines Division of the Ruberoid Co.), p. 4²¹
• Idle: “the principal producer of these grades suspended operations temporarily in 1943 while opening up a new quarry” (Vermont Asbestos Mines Division of the Ruberoid Co.), p. 1²¹
• Idle: “discontinued operation of its open-pit mine adjacent to the mill near Eden, Vt.” (Vermont Asbestos Mines Division of the Ruberoid Co.), p. 3²¹
• Reserves: “The deposit, which is said to be extensive, furnishes chrysotile fiber of nonspinning grades” (Vermont Asbestos Mines Division of the Ruberoid Co.), p. 4²¹
• Opened: “has developed a new operation in asbestos-bearing rock on the opposite slope of Belvidere Mountain” (Vermont Asbestos Mines Division of the Ruberoid Co.), p. 3²¹
• Description: “Rock from this source is conveyed over the mountain by an overhead cableway about 1 mile long” (Vermont Asbestos Mines Division of the Ruberoid Co.), p. 3²¹
• Idle: “Because of the change in source of raw material there was no production during 1943” (Vermont Asbestos Mines Division of the Ruberoid Co.), p. 4²¹
• Idle: “Vermont, where operations had been suspended much of 1943 while a new quarry was being opened” (Vermont Asbestos Mines Division of the Ruberoid Co.), p. 1²²

1944

• Exploration: “Vermont Asbestos Mines discovered in a new quarry long slip-fibre asbestos running as long as 10 inches” (Vermont Asbestos Mines), p. 41⁵²
• Opened: “has opened a new quarry on the eastern shoulder of Belvidere Mountain” (Vermont Asbestos Mines Division of the Ruberoid Co.), p. 3²²
• Workforce: “The mill served by the cableway operated on a two-shift basis throughout much of the year, as enough labor could not be secured to operate three shifts” (Vermont Asbestos Mines Division of the Ruberoid Co.), p. 4²²
• Reserves: “The long asbestos fibers do not occur in isolated pockets but are abundant throughout most of a 400-foot face” (Vermont Asbestos Mines Division of the Ruberoid Co.), p. 3²²
• Output: “Production was much greater in 1944 than in 1943 but was still far below the maximum of which the property is capable” (Vermont Asbestos Mines Division of the Ruberoid Co.), p. 4²²
• Reserves: “it represents the only large deposit of long-fiber chrysotile found in the United States up to the present time” (Vermont Asbestos Mines Division of the Ruberoid Co.), p. 3²²
• Idle: “Operation is suspended during the severe winter months” (Vermont Asbestos Mines Division of the Ruberoid Co.), p. 4²²
• Description: “The asbestos-bearing rock is conveyed over the mountain to the mill by means of an overhead cableway about 1 mile long” (Vermont Asbestos Mines Division of the Ruberoid Co.), p. 3²²
• Exploration: “The first large blast, fired in the new quarry about June 1, 1944, uncovered substantial quantities of long slip-fiber chrysotile” (Vermont Asbestos Mines Division of the Ruberoid Co.), p. 3²²

1945

• Description: “At the Lowell mine the asbestos bearing rock ... blasted down from the quarry face and crushed” (Vermont Asbestos Mines, Division of The Ruberoid Co.), p. 8¹
• Idle: “the severities of the Vermont climate which have previously necessitated winter shutdowns” (Vermont Asbestos Mines, Division of The Ruberoid Co.), p. 10¹
• Description: “continuous-type aerial tramway ... from a newly opened deposit near Lowell, Vt. to the ... mill at Eden” (Vermont Asbestos Mines, Division of The Ruberoid Co.), p. 8¹
• Description: “the tramway can deliver 2,500 tons of asbestos ore a day” (Vermont Asbestos Mines, Division of The Ruberoid Co.), p. 8¹
• Output: “Vermont Asbestos Mines produce more than 90% of the total United States production” (Vermont Asbestos Mines, Division of The Ruberoid Co.), p. 12¹
• Description: “The Vermont Asbestos Mines operated its newly built tramway to its mill at Eden, Vt.” (Vermont Asbestos Mines), p. 8⁵³
• Worked: “is operating both the new quarry 1 mile from the mill, and the old quarry close to the mill site” (Vermont Asbestos Mines Division of the Ruberoid Co.), p. 3⁵⁴
• Workforce: “production was limited by a serious shortage of labor” (Vermont Asbestos Mines Division of the Ruberoid Co.), p. 3⁵⁴
• Description: “The long fiber obtained in the new quarry ... is being prepared as a high-grade shingle fiber” (Vermont Asbestos Mines Division of the Ruberoid Co.), p. 3⁵⁴
• Output: “Production was far below plant capacity but was, nevertheless, much greater than in 1944” (Vermont Asbestos Mines Division of the Ruberoid Co.), p. 3⁵⁴

1946

• Worked: “the largest operating asbestos mine in the United States” (Vermont Asbestos Mines, Division of The Ruberoid Co.), said by The Ruberoid Co., as reported by Asbestos (magazine), p. 13⁵⁵
• Description: “The company obtains some exceptionally long fiber from its nearby mine” (Vermont Asbestos Mines Division of the Ruberoid Co.), p. 3⁵⁶
• Mill: “operated its mill, near Eden, three shifts a day” (Vermont Asbestos Mines Division of the Ruberoid Co.), p. 2⁵⁶
• Mill: “Construction of additional mill capacity is being considered, but no major equipment was installed in 1946” (Vermont Asbestos Mines Division of the Ruberoid Co.), p. 3⁵⁶
• Output: “Production was substantially greater than in 1945” (Vermont Asbestos Mines Division of the Ruberoid Co.), p. 3⁵⁶
• Worked: “the largest operating asbestos mine in the United States ... Mines at Eden & Lowell” (Vermont Asbestos Mines, Division of The Ruberoid Co.), said by Vermont Asbestos Mines, Division of The Ruberoid Co., p. 13⁵⁷

1947

• Output: “Output (all chrysotile) was substantially greater than in 1946” (Ruberoid Co.), p. 3⁵⁸
• Worked: “The Ruberoid Co. ... was the largest producer of asbestos in the United States in 1947. The mine is near Eden, Vt.” (Ruberoid Co.), p. 3⁵⁸

1948

• Buyers: “milled by the company, largely for use in its own asbestos products” (Vermont Asbestos Mines Division of the Ruberoid Co.), p. 2⁵⁹
• Output: “the only producer in Vermont, increased its production considerably” (Vermont Asbestos Mines Division of the Ruberoid Co.), p. 2⁵⁹

1949

• Output: “increased the output of its mine” (Vermont Asbestos Mines Division of the Ruberoid Co.), p. 3²³
• Buyers: “The company consumes this chrysotile asbestos in the manufacture of asbestos products” (Vermont Asbestos Mines Division of the Ruberoid Co.), p. 3²³
• Mill: “placed a new fiber-processing mill in operation at Lowell, Vt., in 1949” (Vermont Asbestos Mines Division of the Ruberoid Co.), p. 3²³
• Mill: “prepared a range of well-graded fibers in its new mill, which began operation in 1949” (Vermont Asbestos Mines Division of the Ruberoid Co.), p. 3²⁴

1950

• Buyers: “The company used part of the output in its own asbestos-products plants” (Vermont Asbestos Mines Division of the Ruberoid Co.), p. 3²⁴

1951

• Exploration: “also conducted exploratory work, partly under a DMEA loan” (Vermont Asbestos Mines Division of the Ruberoid Co.), p. 2⁶⁰
• Worked: “continued operation on an enlarged scale” (Vermont Asbestos Mines Division of the Ruberoid Co.), p. 2⁶⁰

1952

• Exploration: “Exploratory work, including diamond drilling, was continued partly under DMEA loans” (Vermont Asbestos Mines Division of the Ruberoid Co.), p. 2¹²
• Worked: “produced chrysotile on an enlarged scale during 1952 near Hyde Park, Vt.” (Vermont Asbestos Mines Division of the Ruberoid Co.), p. 2¹²

1953

• Worked: “continued to operate at a high level during 1953 near Hyde Park, Vt.” (Vermont Asbestos Mines Division of the Ruberoid Co.), p. 2⁶¹
• Exploration: “The cores are next logged by measurement of the fiber veins intersected” (Vermont Asbestos Mines Division of the Ruberoid Co.), p. 5⁶¹
• Reserves: “significant discoveries have extended the company reserves considerably” (Vermont Asbestos Mines Division of the Ruberoid Co.), p. 2⁶¹
• Mill: “Our new, modern mill at Lowell, Vt.” (The Ruberoid Co.), said by The Ruberoid Co., p. 7⁶²

1954

• Reserves: “The ore body being worked is 3,000 feet long and 400 to 800 ft. wide” (Vermont Asbestos Mines, division of The Ruberoid Co.), p. 22²⁵
• Ownership: “Company holdings were increased to 3,000 acres” (Vermont Asbestos Mines, division of The Ruberoid Co.), p. 22²⁵
• Mill: “six-story mill building ... 65,000 sq. ft. of floor area ... the Vermont mill's capacity is 100 to 125 t.p.h. of raw ore” (Vermont Asbestos Mines, division of The Ruberoid Co.), p. 22²⁵
• Description: “Originally, plant and workings were near the top of the south side of Belvidere Mountain” (Vermont Asbestos Mines, division of The Ruberoid Co.), p. 22²⁵
• Output: “The mine produces 96 per cent of the chrysotile asbestos produced in this country” (Vermont Asbestos Mines, division of The Ruberoid Co.), p. 22²⁵
• Worked: “The Vermont quarry remained the only sizable asbestos producer in the United States” (Vermont Asbestos Mines Division of the Ruberoid Co.), p. 2⁶³
• Output: “produced less chrysotile asbestos in 1954 than in 1953” (Vermont Asbestos Mines Division of the Ruberoid Co.), p. 2⁶³
• Mill: “Details of the modern mill operated by Vermont Asbestos Mines Division of the Ruberoid Co. near Hyde Park, Vt., were described” (Vermont Asbestos Mines Division of the Ruberoid Co.), as reported by Rock Products, p. 7⁶³

1955

• Output: “Production from the Vermont quarry was less in 1955 than in 1954” (Vermont Asbestos Mines Division of Ruberoid Co.), p. 2⁶⁴
• Worked: “remained the chief producer of asbestos in the United States” (Vermont Asbestos Mines Division of Ruberoid Co.), p. 2⁶⁴

1956

• Output: “over 3 percent of the fiber produced was of spinning grade” (Vermont Asbestos Mines Division of the Ruberoid Co.), p. 1²⁶
• Worked: “operating in Vermont, continued to be the one large asbestos producer in the United States” (Vermont Asbestos Mines Division of the Ruberoid Co.), p. 1²⁶

1957

• Worked: “the company's (The Ruberoid Co.) Vermont asbestos mine” (The Ruberoid Co.), p. 20¹⁴
• Description: “The company mine, located in the famed Green Mountains, near Hyde Park, Vermont, is the largest asbestos mine in the United States” (The Ruberoid Co.), p. 20¹⁴
• Worked: “operating near Eden, Vt., continued to be the one large asbestos producer in the United States” (Vermont Asbestos Mines Division of the Ruberoid Co.), p. 1²⁷
• Output: “Only a small percentage of spinning fiber was produced” (Vermont Asbestos Mines Division of the Ruberoid Co.), p. 1²⁷

1958

• Worked: “at Belvedere Mountain near Hyde Park, Vt., was the one large asbestos producer in the United States” (Vermont Asbestos Mines Division of the Ruberoid Co.), p. 2²⁸
• Output: “A small percentage of spinning fiber was produced” (Vermont Asbestos Mines Division of the Ruberoid Co.), p. 2²⁸

1959

• Worked: “at Belvedere Mountain near Hyde Park, Vt., was the one large asbestos producer in the United States” (Vermont Asbestos Mines Division of Ruberoid Co.), p. 1²⁹
• Mill: “A modern mill recovered fibers carefully classified in strict accordance with Canadian grading standards” (Vermont Asbestos Mines Division of Ruberoid Co.), p. 1²⁹

1960

• Worked: “continued to be the only large asbestos producer in the United States” (Vermont Asbestos Mines Division of Ruberoid Co.), p. 1⁶⁵

1961

• Worked: “Mine located in Lowell, Vermont” (The Ruberoid Co.), said by The Ruberoid Co., p. 19⁶⁶
• Worked: “continued as the major domestic producer of asbestos” (Vermont Asbestos Mines Division of Ruberoid Co.), p. 2⁶⁷

1962

• Description: “Open-pit mining and milling practices at the Vermont Asbestos Mines in Lamoille and New Orleans Counties, Vt., were described” (The Ruberoid Co.), as reported by Bureau of Mines Information Circular 8068, p. 13⁶⁸
• Worked: “operated its deposit at Belvidere Mountain near Hyde Park, Vt., and continued to be the largest U.S. producer” (Vermont Asbestos Mines Division of Ruberoid Co.), p. 2⁶⁸
• Description: “Methods of exploration, sampling, and evaluation were outlined, and cost data were given for a recent year” (The Ruberoid Co.), as reported by Bureau of Mines Information Circular 8068, p. 13⁶⁸

1963

• Worked: “The largest producer of asbestos in the United States continued to be the Vermont Asbestos Mines Division of Ruberoid Co.” (Vermont Asbestos Mines Division of Ruberoid Co.), p. 2¹⁶

1964

• Worked: “Lowell mine, near Hyde Park, Vt., continued as the major producer of chrysotile asbestos” (Vermont Asbestos Mines Division of Ruberoid Co.), p. 2⁶⁹
• Fiber: “chrysotile asbestos” (Vermont Asbestos Mines Division of Ruberoid Co.), p. 2⁶⁹
• Worked: “continued production of chrysotile asbestos at its Lowell Mine in Orleans County for processing at its mill in Lamoille County” (Vermont Asbestos Mines, division of The Ruberoid Co.), as reported by Asbestos (magazine), p. 25¹³

1965

• Worked: “Lowell mine, near Hyde Park, Vt., continued as the major producer of chrysotile” (Vermont Asbestos Mines Division of Ruberoid Co.), p. 2⁷⁰
• Output: “Production was 7 percent below that of 1964” (Vermont Asbestos Mines Division of Ruberoid Co.), p. 2⁷⁰

1967

• Output: “Production at the Lowell Mine, near Hyde Park, was 6% greater than in 1966”, as reported by Asbestos (magazine), p. 48⁷¹
• Description: “compiled a total of 131,079 man hours worked without a disabling work injury” (GAF Corporation), as reported by Asbestos (magazine), p. 37³⁰
• Ownership: “This property was formerly the Vermont Asbestos Mines Division of The Ruberoid Co. and is now a part of GAF” (GAF Corporation; Vermont Asbestos Mines Division of The Ruberoid Co.), as reported by Asbestos (magazine), p. 37³⁰

1968

• Worked: “Vermont: General Aniline & Film Corp. (The Ruberoid Division). | Orleans | Lowell | Chrysotile.” (General Aniline & Film Corp. (The Ruberoid Division)), p. 2⁷²
• Buyers: “Most of the output was shipped to GAF plants in South Bound Brook, New Jersey; St. Louis, Missouri; and Dallas, Texas” (GAF Corporation), as reported by Asbestos (magazine), p. 37³¹

1969

• Worked: “Vermont: GAF | Orleans | Lowell | Chrysotile.” (GAF), p. 3⁷³

1970

• Worked: “Vermont: GAF | Orleans | Lowell | Chrysotile.” (GAF), p. 2⁷⁴

1971

• Output: “GAF Corp.'s mine in Orleans County, Vt., showed an apparent production decrease of 5 percent” (GAF Corp.), p. 2⁷⁵
• Worked: “Vermont: GAF Corp. | Orleans | Lowell | Chrysotile.” (GAF Corp.), p. 2⁷⁵
• Output: “showed an apparent production decrease of 5% without an attendant loss in value” (GAF Corporation), as reported by Asbestos (magazine), p. 40⁷⁶

1972

• Output: “remained the U.S. asbestos mine with the highest production and highest product value” (GAF Corp.), p. 2⁷⁷
• Worked: “Vermont: GAF Corp. | Orleans | Lowell | Chrysotile.” (GAF Corp.), p. 2⁷⁷

1973

• Worked: “Vermont: GAF Corp. | Orleans | Lowell | Chrysotile.” (GAF Corp.), p. 3⁷⁸
• Output: “remained the asbestos mine in the United States with the highest production, but was surpassed by Pacific Asbestos in product value” (GAF Corp.), p. 2⁷⁸

1974

• Dust and health: “The cost of coming into compliance with environmental regulations was the announced cause of the GAF Corp.'s decision to leave the asbestos-mining industry” (GAF Corp.), p. 2³²
• Ownership: “an employee group might be successful in efforts to purchase the mine and keep it operating” (GAF Corp.), p. 2³²
• Output: “remained the U.S. asbestos mine with the highest production; its output increased significantly over that in 1973” (GAF Corp.), p. 2³²
• Worked: “Vermont: GAF Corp | Orleans | Lowell | Chrysotile.” (GAF Corp.), p. 2³²

1975

• Worked: “the VAG mine has been operating under a priorities order of the Defense Production Act” (Vermont Asbestos Group, Inc.), p. 22³³
• Worked: “Vermont: Vermont Asbestos Group Inc. | Orleans | Lowell | Chrysotile.” (Vermont Asbestos Group Inc.), p. 3³⁴
• Dust and health: “expects to be in full compliance with EPA regulations in the spring of 1976” (Vermont Asbestos Group Inc.), p. 2³⁴
• Worked: “highly successful in efforts to keep it operating” (Vermont Asbestos Group Inc.), p. 2³⁴
• Output: “remained the U.S. asbestos mine with the highest production, although its output decreased significantly from that in 1974” (Vermont Asbestos Group Inc.), p. 2³⁴
• Ownership: “was purchased by an employee group” (Vermont Asbestos Group Inc.), p. 2³⁴
• Closed: “This mine was scheduled for closure by GAF in March 1975” (GAF Corp.), p. 2³²
• Ownership: “Vermont Asbestos Group, Inc., purchased from GAF Corporation the 2,300-acre asbestos quarry and mill” (Vermont Asbestos Group, Inc.), p. 22³³

1976

• Output: “Annual output is about 40,000 tons of finished fiber” (Vermont Asbestos Group, Inc.), p. 27³⁷
• Fiber: “chrysotile” (Vermont Asbestos Group), p. 3⁷⁹
• Ownership: “owned and operated by an employee group” (Vermont Asbestos Group), p. 2⁷⁹
• Output: “Its output decreased slightly from that in 1975” (Vermont Asbestos Group), p. 2⁷⁹
• Worked: “Vermont: Vermont Asbestos Group | Orleans | Lowell | Do. [chrysotile]” (Vermont Asbestos Group), p. 3⁷⁹
• Ownership: “their Lowell mine, formerly a GAF Corp. property” (Vermont Asbestos Group), p. 2⁷⁹
• Dust and health: “Some environmental problems still exist but basically all EPA requirements that were made at the time of the employee takeover have been met” (Vermont Asbestos Group, Inc.), said by Vermont Asbestos Group, Inc., p. 12⁸⁰
• Exploration: “Vermont Asbestos is going ahead with plans for a new quarry called "P" Area which should extend the life of our mine” (Vermont Asbestos Group, Inc.), said by Vermont Asbestos Group, Inc., p. 12⁸⁰
• Output: “remained the mine with the highest production of asbestos in the United States” (Vermont Asbestos Group), p. 2⁷⁹

1977

• Reserves: “After a mine study by Harrison Western, ore reserves are estimated in excess of 12-million tons” (Vermont Asbestos Group, Inc.), p. 22⁴³
• Output: “the current projected rate of production at the mine is 40,000 tons per year” (Vermont Asbestos Group, Inc.), p. 22⁴³
• Ownership: “owned and operated by an employee group which ... is considering selling it” (Vermont Asbestos Group), p. 2⁸¹
• Output: “Its output was less than that of the Calaveras Corp. mine” (Vermont Asbestos Group), p. 2⁸¹
• Worked: “Vermont: Vermont Asbestos Group | Orleans | Lowell | Chrysotile.” (Vermont Asbestos Group), p. 2⁸¹
• Output: “is no longer the mine with the highest production of asbestos in the United States” (Vermont Asbestos Group), p. 2⁸¹
• Fiber: “chrysotile” (Vermont Asbestos Group), p. 2⁸¹
• Ownership: “A group of about 30 investors in August had offered to purchase the mine for $4.8-million, but the proposal has since been terminated” (Vermont Asbestos Group, Inc.), p. 38³⁵
• Ownership: “Directors of the worker-owned operation voted in October to poll shareholders on whether or not they are willing to sell their stock” (Vermont Asbestos Group, Inc.), p. 22⁴³
• Workforce: “Workers at the asbestos mine of Vermont Asbestos Group, Inc., approved a contract on October 5, putting an end to their threat of a strike” (Vermont Asbestos Group, Inc.), p. 38³⁵

1978

• Reserves: “there is sufficient asbestos for twelve years of surface mining” (Vermont Asbestos Group, Inc.), p. 20³⁶
• Ownership: “headed by a local contractor, Howard A. Manosh who now controls a majority of the shares” (Vermont Asbestos Group), p. 3⁸²
• Fiber: “chrysotile” (Vermont Asbestos Group), p. 4⁸²
• Reserves: “reserves of sufficient magnitude to promise another 12 years of production” (Vermont Asbestos Group), p. 3⁸²
• Ownership: “no longer under the management that led to the employees' acquisition” (Vermont Asbestos Group), p. 3⁸²
• Output: “remains second in the country in production” (Vermont Asbestos Group), p. 3⁸²
• Worked: “Vermont: Vermont Asbestos Group | Orleans | Lowell | Chrysotile.” (Vermont Asbestos Group), p. 4⁸²
• Ownership: “Howard A. Manosh won control of VAG; Schoeffer Associates, Inc., had issued a tender offer for VAG” (Vermont Asbestos Group, Inc.), p. 20³⁶

1979

• Reserves: “A major expansion program ... moving large quantities of barren rock to gain access to a 17-year supply of high-quality asbestos deposits” (Vermont Asbestos Group, Inc.), p. 20³⁸
• Output: “Annual production is some 30,000 tons, mostly short-fibered Chrysotile” (Vermont Asbestos Group, Inc.), p. 20³⁸

1980

• Idle: “VAG had a seven-week shut-down at mid-year due to a recession in the automotive and construction industries” (Vermont Asbestos Group, Inc.), p. 14⁸³
• Worked: “Vermont: Vermont Asbestos Group | Orleans | Lowell | Do. [chrysotile]” (Vermont Asbestos Group), p. 3⁸⁴
• Output: “is second in the country in production” (Vermont Asbestos Group), p. 3⁸⁴
• Fiber: “chrysotile” (Vermont Asbestos Group), p. 3⁸⁴

1981

• Workforce: “Just 5% of the VAG mine is located in Eden; one out of every two households is reported to have a family member working at the mine” (Vermont Asbestos Group, Inc.), p. 26¹⁰
• Dust and health: “planning a ten-acre landfill for the dumping of asbestos waste at its mine which straddles the town lines of Eden and Lowell” (Vermont Asbestos Group, Inc.), p. 26¹⁰
• Fiber: “chrysotile” (Vermont Asbestos Group), p. 3⁸⁵
• Worked: “Vermont: Vermont Asbestos Group | Orleans | Lowell | Do. [chrysotile]” (Vermont Asbestos Group), p. 3⁸⁵
• Output: “is second in the country in production” (Vermont Asbestos Group), p. 3⁸⁵

1982

• Fiber: “chrysotile” (Vermont Asbestos Group), p. 3⁸⁶
• Worked: “Vermont: Vermont Asbestos Group | Orleans | Lowell | Do. [chrysotile]” (Vermont Asbestos Group), p. 3⁸⁶
• Output: “was second in the country in production” (Vermont Asbestos Group), p. 3⁸⁶

1983

• Fiber: “chrysotile” (Vermont Asbestos Group), p. 2³⁹
• Output: “The third U.S. producer was the Vermont Asbestos Group's Lowell Mine” (Vermont Asbestos Group), p. 2³⁹
• Description: “A foreclosure suit had been dismissed, and there was sufficient inventory at the mine to meet shipments for some time” (Vermont Asbestos Group), p. 2³⁹
• Worked: “Vermont: Vermont Asbestos Group | Orleans | Lowell | Do. [chrysotile]” (Vermont Asbestos Group), p. 2³⁹
• Idle: “Miners ... went on strike in October and were still out at yearend” (Vermont Asbestos Group), p. 2³⁹
• Idle: “struck in October 1983, and the miners were out until February 1, 1984” (Vermont Asbestos Group), p. 2⁴⁰

1984

• Output: “The third U.S. producer was the Vermont Asbestos Group's Lowell Mine” (Vermont Asbestos Group), p. 2⁴⁰
• Fiber: “chrysotile” (Vermont Asbestos Group), p. 3⁴⁰
• Worked: “Vermont: Vermont Asbestos Group | Orleans | Lowell | Do. [chrysotile]” (Vermont Asbestos Group), p. 3⁴⁰

1985

• Worked: “Vermont: Vermont Asbestos Group Inc | Orleans | Lowell | Do. [chrysotile]” (Vermont Asbestos Group Inc), p. 2⁸⁷
• Fiber: “chrysotile” (Vermont Asbestos Group Inc), p. 2⁸⁷
• Output: “followed by ... Vermont Asbestos Group Inc.” (Vermont Asbestos Group Inc.), p. 2⁸⁷

1986

• Worked: “Vermont: Vermont Asbestos Group Inc | Orleans | Lowell | Do. [chrysotile]” (Vermont Asbestos Group Inc), p. 3⁸⁸
• Fiber: “chrysotile” (Vermont Asbestos Group Inc), p. 3⁸⁸
• Output: “followed by ... Vermont Asbestos Group Inc.” (Vermont Asbestos Group Inc.), p. 2⁸⁸

1987

• Worked: “Vermont Asbestos Group Inc., Orleans County, VT” (Vermont Asbestos Group Inc.), p. 2⁸⁹

1988

• Description: “would use an abandoned open pit for the disposal of wastes” (Vermont Asbestos Group Inc.), as reported by Burlington Free Press, p. 2⁹⁰
• Description: “plans to apply for permits to open a landfill for asbestos-containing wastes on its property in Eden” (Vermont Asbestos Group Inc.), as reported by Burlington Free Press, p. 2⁹⁰
• Worked: “Vermont Asbestos Group Inc., Orleans County, VT” (Vermont Asbestos Group Inc.), p. 2⁹⁰

1989

• Fiber: “a wide range of chrysotile grades” (Vermont Asbestos Group Inc.), p. 2⁹¹
• Mill: “Dry milling” (Vermont Asbestos Group Inc.), p. 2⁹¹
• Worked: “Vermont Asbestos Group Inc. (VAG), Orleans County, VT” (Vermont Asbestos Group Inc.), p. 2⁹¹
• Fiber: “limited to chrysotile” (Vermont Asbestos Group Inc.), p. 2⁹¹
• Description: “an open pit mine” (Vermont Asbestos Group Inc.), p. 2⁹¹

1990

• Fiber: “limited to chrysotile” (Vermont Asbestos Group Inc.), p. 2⁹²
• Description: “an open pit mine” (Vermont Asbestos Group Inc.), p. 2⁹²
• Fiber: “a wide range of chrysotile grades” (Vermont Asbestos Group Inc.), p. 2⁹²
• Mill: “Dry milling” (Vermont Asbestos Group Inc.), p. 2⁹²
• Worked: “Vermont Asbestos Group Inc. (VAG), Orleans County, VT” (Vermont Asbestos Group Inc.), p. 2⁹²

1991

• Description: “an open pit mine” (Vermont Asbestos Group Inc.), p. 2⁹³
• Mill: “Dry milling” (Vermont Asbestos Group Inc.), p. 2⁹³
• Fiber: “limited to chrysotile” (Vermont Asbestos Group Inc.), p. 2⁹³
• Worked: “Vermont Asbestos Group Inc. (VAG), Orleans County, VT” (Vermont Asbestos Group Inc.), p. 2⁹³
• Fiber: “a wide range of chrysotile grades” (Vermont Asbestos Group Inc.), p. 2⁹³

1994

• Idle: “sold asbestos fiber from inventory” (Vermont Asbestos Group Inc.), p. 1⁴¹
• Fiber: “a wide range of chrysotile grades” (Vermont Asbestos Group Inc.), p. 1⁴¹
• Idle: “stopped mining and milling asbestos in 1994” (Vermont Asbestos Group Inc.), p. 1⁴²

1995

• Closed: “closed in 1995” (Vermont Asbestos Group Inc.), p. 1⁴²

In court opinions

Court opinions in our case-law library that name this mine, by how they concern it. A search found every one that names the mine and an AI reader sorted them; the quotation, checked word for word against the text, shows where. Those that name the mine only in passing or in a reference list are left out.

The mine’s fiber in products (1)

• In re GI Holdings, Inc. (2016): “From approximately 1935 through March 1975 GAF Corporation or its predecessor by merger, Ruberoid, owned and operated an asbestos mining facility in Vermont and produced asbestos fiber for use in both their own products”

In medical studies

Medical studies in our research library that name this mine, by how they concern it. A search found every one that names the mine and an AI reader sorted them; the quotation, checked word for word against the text, shows where. Those that name the mine only in passing or in a reference list are left out.

Studies of the mine’s fiber (3)

• Driscoll HE 2016: Metagenomic investigation of the microbial diversity in a chrysotile asbestos mine pit pond, Lowell, Vermont, USA: “Here we report on a metagenomics investigation of the microbial diversity in a serpentine-hosted aquatic habitat created by chrysotile asbestos mining activity at the Vermont Asbestos Group (VAG) Mine in northern Vermont, USA.”
• Driscoll HE 2017: Microarray data and gene expression statistics for Saccharomyces cerevisiae exposed to simulated asbestos mine drainage: “Saccharomyces cerevisiae exposed to simulated asbestos mine drainage from the Vermont Asbestos Group (VAG) Mine on Belvidere Mountain in northern Vermont, USA.”
• Thornburg J 2010: A model to predict the breathing zone concentrations of particles emitted from surfaces: “Vermont Asbestos Group (VTAG) Raking 9 0.002 to 0.420 Sapphire Mine (SMNC) Raking 5 0 to 0.005”

Other names

Documents call this mine “Hyde Park”, “Eden”, “Belvidere Mountain”, “Vermont Asbestos Corporation”, “Vermont Asbestos Corporation of America”, “Vermont Asbestos Mines”, “new quarry”, “old quarry”, “Vermont quarry”, “Vermont Asbestos Mines Division of the Ruberoid Co., near Eden, Vt.”, “Belvedere Mountain”, “Vermont Asbestos Mines in Lamoille and New Orleans Counties”, “Lowell mine”, “Lowell”, “Lowell Mine”, “Vermont Asbestos Group's mine”, “Asbestos Group's mine in Vermont”, “Vermont Asbestos Group Inc.”, “VAG”, “Vermont company”, “Mines at Eden”, “Vermont Production Co., Inc.”, “Gallagher mine”, “Eden mill”, “VAG mine”, “"P" Area”.

See also

• General Aniline & Film Corp. (The Ruberoid Division): the company's history, documents, people, products and plants
• Vermont Asbestos Group Inc.: the company's documents, people, products and plants
• Asbestos exposure sites in Vermont
• All asbestos mines

References

1. Asbestos Magazine, 1945, June 1945 (June 1, 1945), pp. 8, 10, 12, 14.
2. Asbestos Magazine, 1920, December 1920 (December 1, 1920), p. 42.
3. Asbestos Magazine, 1929, March 1929 (March 1, 1929), p. 52.
4. Asbestos Magazine, 1922, June 1922 (June 1, 1922), p. 49.
5. Asbestos Magazine, 1928, September 1928 (September 1, 1928), p. 46.
6. Asbestos Magazine, 1930, March 1930 (March 1, 1930), p. 26.
7. Minerals Yearbook: Asbestos Chapters, 1934 (January 1, 1935), p. 5.
8. Asbestos Magazine, 1936, February 1936 (February 1, 1936), p. 22.
9. Asbestos Magazine, 1937, February 1937 (February 1, 1937), p. 37.
10. Asbestos Magazine, 1981, June 1981 (June 1, 1981), p. 26.
11. Minerals Yearbook: Asbestos Chapters, 1941 (January 1, 1942), p. 4.
12. Minerals Yearbook: Asbestos Chapters, 1952 (January 1, 1953), p. 2.
13. Asbestos Magazine, 1966, October 1966 (October 1, 1966), p. 25.
14. Asbestos Magazine, 1957, May 1957 (May 1, 1957), p. 20.
15. Minerals Yearbook: Asbestos Chapters, 1939 (January 1, 1940), p. 6.
16. Minerals Yearbook: Asbestos Chapters, 1963 (January 1, 1964), p. 2.
17. Minerals Yearbook: Asbestos Chapters, 1932–33 (January 1, 1934), pp. 1, 4.
18. Minerals Yearbook: Asbestos Chapters, 1936 (January 1, 1937), p. 3.
19. Asbestos Magazine, 1936, December 1936 (December 1, 1936), p. 39.
20. Asbestos Magazine, 1939, June 1939 (June 1, 1939), p. 32.
21. Minerals Yearbook: Asbestos Chapters, 1943 (January 1, 1944), pp. 1, 3–4.
22. Minerals Yearbook: Asbestos Chapters, 1944 (January 1, 1945), pp. 1, 3–4.
23. Minerals Yearbook: Asbestos Chapters, 1949 (January 1, 1950), p. 3.
24. Minerals Yearbook: Asbestos Chapters, 1950 (January 1, 1951), p. 3.
25. Asbestos Magazine, 1954, August 1954 (August 1, 1954), p. 22.
26. Minerals Yearbook: Asbestos Chapters, 1956 (January 1, 1957), p. 1.
27. Minerals Yearbook: Asbestos Chapters, 1957 (January 1, 1958), p. 1.
28. Minerals Yearbook: Asbestos Chapters, 1958 (January 1, 1959), p. 2.
29. Minerals Yearbook: Asbestos Chapters, 1959 (January 1, 1960), p. 1.
30. Asbestos Magazine, 1969, May 1969 (May 1, 1969), p. 37.
31. Asbestos Magazine, 1970, April 1970 (April 1, 1970), p. 37.
32. Minerals Yearbook: Asbestos Chapters, 1974 (January 1, 1975), p. 2.
33. Asbestos Magazine, 1975, December 1975 (December 1, 1975), p. 22.
34. Minerals Yearbook: Asbestos Chapters, 1975 (January 1, 1976), pp. 2–3.
35. Asbestos Magazine, 1977, November 1977 (November 1, 1977), p. 38.
36. Asbestos Magazine, 1978, December 1978 (December 1, 1978), p. 20.
37. Asbestos Magazine, 1976, December 1976 (December 1, 1976), p. 27.
38. Asbestos Magazine, 1979, December 1979 (December 1, 1979), p. 20.
39. Minerals Yearbook: Asbestos Chapters, 1983 (January 1, 1984), p. 2.
40. Minerals Yearbook: Asbestos Chapters, 1984 (January 1, 1985), pp. 2–3.
41. Minerals Yearbook: Asbestos Chapters, 1994 (January 1, 1995), p. 1.
42. Minerals Yearbook: Asbestos Chapters, 1995 (January 1, 1996), p. 1.
43. Asbestos Magazine, 1977, December 1977 (December 1, 1977), p. 22.
44. Asbestos Magazine, 1930, January 1930 (January 1, 1930), p. 29.
45. Asbestos Magazine, 1931, March 1931 (March 1, 1931), p. 48.
46. Asbestos Magazine, 1933, September 1933 (September 1, 1933), p. 4.
47. Asbestos Magazine, 1935, July 1935 (July 1, 1935), p. 4.
48. Asbestos Magazine, 1938, March 1938 (March 1, 1938), p. 38.
49. Minerals Yearbook: Asbestos Chapters, 1938 (January 1, 1939), p. 4.
50. Minerals Yearbook: Asbestos Chapters, 1940 (January 1, 1941), pp. 1, 6.
51. Minerals Yearbook: Asbestos Chapters, 1942 (January 1, 1943), p. 4.
52. Asbestos Magazine, 1944, August 1944 (August 1, 1944), p. 41.
53. Asbestos Magazine, 1945, December 1945 (December 1, 1945), p. 8.
54. Minerals Yearbook: Asbestos Chapters, 1945 (January 1, 1946), p. 3.
55. Asbestos Magazine, 1946, June 1946 (June 1, 1946), p. 13.
56. Minerals Yearbook: Asbestos Chapters, 1946 (January 1, 1947), pp. 2–3.
57. Asbestos Magazine, 1946, September 1946 (September 1, 1946), p. 13.
58. Minerals Yearbook: Asbestos Chapters, 1947 (January 1, 1948), p. 3.
59. Minerals Yearbook: Asbestos Chapters, 1948 (January 1, 1949), p. 2.
60. Minerals Yearbook: Asbestos Chapters, 1951 (January 1, 1952), p. 2.
61. Minerals Yearbook: Asbestos Chapters, 1953 (January 1, 1954), pp. 2, 5.
62. Asbestos Magazine, 1953, May 1953 (May 1, 1953), p. 7.
63. Minerals Yearbook: Asbestos Chapters, 1954 (January 1, 1955), pp. 2, 7.
64. Minerals Yearbook: Asbestos Chapters, 1955 (January 1, 1956), p. 2.
65. Minerals Yearbook: Asbestos Chapters, 1960 (January 1, 1961), p. 1.
66. Asbestos Magazine, 1961, March 1961 (March 1, 1961), p. 19.
67. Minerals Yearbook: Asbestos Chapters, 1961 (January 1, 1962), p. 2.
68. Minerals Yearbook: Asbestos Chapters, 1962 (January 1, 1963), pp. 2, 13.
69. Minerals Yearbook: Asbestos Chapters, 1964 (January 1, 1965), p. 2.
70. Minerals Yearbook: Asbestos Chapters, 1965 (January 1, 1966), p. 2.
71. Asbestos Magazine, 1968, July 1968 (July 1, 1968), p. 48.
72. Minerals Yearbook: Asbestos Chapters, 1968 (January 1, 1969), p. 2.
73. Minerals Yearbook: Asbestos Chapters, 1969 (January 1, 1970), p. 3.
74. Minerals Yearbook: Asbestos Chapters, 1970 (January 1, 1971), p. 2.
75. Minerals Yearbook: Asbestos Chapters, 1971 (January 1, 1972), p. 2.
76. Asbestos Magazine, 1973, January 1973 (January 1, 1973), p. 40.
77. Minerals Yearbook: Asbestos Chapters, 1972 (January 1, 1973), p. 2.
78. Minerals Yearbook: Asbestos Chapters, 1973 (January 1, 1974), pp. 2–3.
79. Minerals Yearbook: Asbestos Chapters, 1976 (January 1, 1977), pp. 2–3.
80. Asbestos Magazine, 1977, January 1977 (January 1, 1977), p. 12.
81. Minerals Yearbook: Asbestos Chapters, 1977 (January 1, 1978), p. 2.
82. Minerals Yearbook: Asbestos Chapters, 1978–79 (January 1, 1980), pp. 3–4.
83. Asbestos Magazine, 1981, January 1981 (January 1, 1981), p. 14.
84. Minerals Yearbook: Asbestos Chapters, 1980 (January 1, 1981), p. 3.
85. Minerals Yearbook: Asbestos Chapters, 1981 (January 1, 1982), p. 3.
86. Minerals Yearbook: Asbestos Chapters, 1982 (January 1, 1983), p. 3.
87. Minerals Yearbook: Asbestos Chapters, 1985 (January 1, 1986), p. 2.
88. Minerals Yearbook: Asbestos Chapters, 1986 (January 1, 1987), pp. 2–3.
89. Minerals Yearbook: Asbestos Chapters, 1987 (January 1, 1988), p. 2.
90. Minerals Yearbook: Asbestos Chapters, 1988 (January 1, 1989), p. 2.
91. Minerals Yearbook: Asbestos Chapters, 1989 (January 1, 1990), p. 2.
92. Minerals Yearbook: Asbestos Chapters, 1990 (January 1, 1991), p. 2.
93. Minerals Yearbook: Asbestos Chapters, 1991 (January 1, 1992), p. 2.