Jeffrey mine, Asbestos, Quebec

The Jeffrey mine at Asbestos, Quebec, was Johns-Manville's chrysotile mine, and for decades the sources call it the largest asbestos mine in the world.^5,12,13 A 1920 history of the Canadian industry in Asbestos, the industry's trade journal, places the opening of "the Jeffrey mine, in the Danville area, on lot 6, range III. of the township of Shipton" just before "the opening of several other mines in both Black Lake and Thetford" in 1880 and 1881.⁴ The U.S. Bureau of Mines' Minerals Yearbook for 1964 says that "the Jeffrey deposit has been in operation since 1881."⁵ A 1942 item in Asbestos, summing up an article in the American Roofer, told of the discovery of asbestos on Charlie Webb's farm near Danville and said that "that deposit today is the site of Johns-Manville's huge pit."¹⁴

Owners

According to a 1935 obituary in Asbestos, J. Frank Pharo joined Feodor Boas shortly after 1890 "at what was then known as the Jeffery Mine at Danville," and "the Jeffery Mine became the property of the Asbestos and Asbestic Company, organized about 1897."¹ By 1922 the trade journal was reporting work by the Canadian Johns-Manville Company at "their Jeffrey mine," and in 1925 it wrote of "the Danville Mines, owned by Johns-Manville, Inc."^2,6 The Canadian company changed its name to Johns-Manville Canada Inc. in 1978.^15,16 The Minerals Yearbook reports that "Manville concluded the sale of the Jeffrey Mine at Asbestos in September" 1983 to a Canadian group, J. M. Asbestos Inc., whose purchasers "included a number of former Manville executives."¹⁰

The pit, the shafts and the pit again

In 1944 C. V. Smith, writing in Asbestos, reported that Canadian Johns-Manville, "largest of the open pit mines," was preparing to mine underground "by Block Caving."¹⁷ The trade journal reported in 1947 that "the first phase of the 'Operation Underground' at the Jeffrey Mine" was complete, beginning with "the sinking of No. 1 Shaft to 1000 feet below surface."¹⁸ Johns-Manville's annual report said that "underground mining was begun at the Jeffrey mine in February 1950," and that "about three quarters of the ore now comes from underground."¹⁹ The Minerals Yearbook for 1953 reported a second vertical shaft "sunk to a depth of 1,500 feet."²⁰

The underground mine did not last: in 1959 Asbestos reported that, "due to rising labor and material costs," underground mining had become uneconomical, and that "in three years' time underground operations will be abandoned."¹¹ The Minerals Yearbook says that in 1962 "the return of the mine to open-pit operation was essentially completed," with ore hauled up new inclined skipways.²¹ On January 21, 1975, "a mile-wide landslide involving over a million tons of earth" cut that year's production by "some 20%-25%," according to the trade journal; the Minerals Yearbook put the year's shipments at "93% of the 650,000 tons of fiber shipped in 1974."^22,23 The 1978 measurements printed in Asbestos gave the pit as "6,500 feet east to west, 6,000 feet north to south" and "1,010 feet deep."¹⁵

The mill and the output

In April 1954 Asbestos described a new mill "14 stories high" that would "eventually replace all present milling facilities" and "provide greatly improved working conditions"; a 1960 article in the same journal calls the Jeffrey mill "an immense twelve story building."^24,25 The remaining units of the new mill went into operation in August 1956, with "an annual capacity of 625,000 tons of asbestos fibre."²⁶ In 1971 the company was carrying out "a $75 million relocation and reconstruction program," to be completed in 1973, which moved "all milling surface facilities approximately 1,000 yards southeast" of the pit and installing what the yearbook called "the world's largest crusher."^27,28,29 In 1975 the trade journal gave the mill "a 720,000-short-ton-per-year capacity," and noted that ore from the Bolduc mine near Val d'Or was "shipped to Jeffrey for milling."²²

The sources give the mine's output in different ways and do not always agree. Asbestos reported 481,805 tons for 1953.²⁴ For 1955 the Minerals Yearbook reported "a record production of 592,000 tons" from the Jeffery mine, while Johns-Manville's annual report gave the same 592,000 tons for all its Canadian mines and Asbestos gave 550,000 tons for Jeffrey.^13,30,31 The yearbook for 1973 said the mine "now produces 600,000 tons per year of fiber, which represents 37% of Canada's output."³² Johns-Manville reported that "total production in 1978 reached 590,305 tons."³³

Dust

The 1954 Minerals Yearbook, drawing on the Canadian Mining Journal, described "an elaborate dust-collecting system" at the new mill: "Dust is so plentiful that its disposal requires a shed 200 feet long and 60 feet high," and an electric precipitator "recovers about 60 tons per day of fine dust."³⁴ The same report said the air in the mill was "virtually dust free" and that "a foreman and a staff of 10 men" looked after the dust-control equipment.³⁴ In 1961 Johns-Manville's employee magazine, the J-M News Pictorial, showed workers changing "one of the 60,000 dust catching bags" in the mill and said such bags "prevent the dust from escaping into the working areas."³⁵ In the summer of 1972 the company seeded its waste dumps with grasses and sloped and seeded the pit walls "after the soil was treated to form a dust-proof crust."³⁶

The people

Asbestos reported in 1954 that Johns-Manville provided "jobs for more than 2,600 men and women at the Asbestos, Quebec, mine, mill and plant operation," and in 1977 that the company employed "2695 people at its mining and manufacturing facilities."^37,38 The workers struck in 1949: Johns-Manville dated the strike "from February 13 to June 30," while Asbestos reported that the employees "went on strike on February 14th."^39,40 In 1959 the J-M News Pictorial reported that the miners had worked "208 days and better than 1,957,000 manhours without a lost time accident."⁴¹

After Johns-Manville

The U.S. Geological Survey reported in 1998 and 1999 that J.M. Asbestos Inc. was developing an underground mine that "will replace its open pit operation."^42,43 In October 2002, Jeffrey Mine Inc. "temporarily closed its mine" when it filed for bankruptcy protection, citing "declining worldwide prices for asbestos," and it reopened for limited production in December "to fill special orders."⁴⁴ In 2010 the shareholders of Mine Jeffrey Inc. approved its purchase by an international consortium, conditional on the Quebec Government guaranteeing "a $56 million bank loan"; by the yearend, "no decision had been made concerning the loan."⁴⁵ The Minerals Yearbook for 2011 reports that "the Jeffrey Mine stopped production while waiting for funding to further develop its underground mine."⁴⁶

The documents report this mine producing asbestos fiber for sale.²³

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Location

Output the documents report

Figures as printed, in the units each document uses (short tons before about 1990, metric tons after, in most U.S. chapters). Some are a year's output, some a daily rate or a capacity, some a company's total rather than this mine's alone; the statement for that year below says which.

Year	Figure	Source
1952	16,000 tons of rock per day	47
1953	481,805 tons	24
1955	592,000 tons	13
1955	592,000 tons	30
1955	550,000 tons of fibre	31
1957	30,000 tons of ore each day (potential)	48
1958	12,000 tons of ore per day (underground)	49
1959	12,000 tons per day (open pit, present)	11
1963	30,000 tons per day of ore	50
1970	600,000 tons of fiber per year (target)	51
1973	600,000 tons per year of fiber	32
1974	835,000 short tons per year (capacity)	52
1974	650,000 tons of fiber	23
1977	700,000 short tons	38
1978	590,305 tons	33
1981	700,000 short tons	15
2010	250,000 metric tons per year	45
2010	15,000 t/yr	45

Year by year

Every statement about this mine in the documents, in each document's own words, by the year it is about.

1880

• Opened: “the opening of the Jeffrey mine, in the Danville area, on lot 6, range III. of the township of Shipton”, p. 22⁴

1881

• Opened: “The Jeffrey deposit has been in operation since 1881” (Canadian Johns-Manville Co., Ltd.), as reported by Mining in Canada (Winnipeg), p. 8⁵

1890

• Worked: “the late Feodor Boas at what was then known as the Jeffery Mine at Danville” (Feodor Boas), p. 20¹

1897

• Ownership: “The Jeffery Mine became the property of the Asbestos and Asbestic Company, organized about 1897” (Asbestos and Asbestic Company), p. 20¹

1922

• Mill: “A new crushing plant ... designed to crush 500 tons of rock per hour” (Canadian Johns-Manville Company, Limited), p. 51⁶
• Description: “laying a new railway track, two miles in length, from their Jeffrey mine to the mills” (Canadian Johns-Manville Company, Limited), p. 51⁶

1925

• Ownership: “the Danville Mines, owned by Johns-Manville, Inc.” (Johns-Manville, Inc.), p. 28²

1940

• Description: “"World's Largest Asbestos Mine": four Marion shovels handle the output of the Jeffrey Mine” (Canadian Johns-Manville Company Limited), as reported by Marion Groundhog (house organ), p. 16¹²

1943

• Output: “The largest mine in the Quebec area is that of the Canadian Johns-Manville Co., Ltd.” (Canadian Johns-Manville Co., Ltd.), p. 9⁷

1944

• Description: “largest of the open pit mines, is making preparations for underground mining by Block Caving” (Canadian Johns-Manville Company), said by C. V. Smith, as reported by Asbestos (magazine), p. 6¹⁷
• Description: “Canadian Johns-Manville has undertaken an extensive program of underground mining by the block-caving method. Shaft sinking is now in progress” (Canadian Johns-Manville), p. 9⁵³

1945

• Exploration: “The extensive program of underground mining by the block-caving method undertaken by Canadian Johns-Manville” (Canadian Johns-Manville), p. 8⁵⁴

1946

• Description: “The first phase of the "Operation Underground" at the Jeffrey Mine ... has been completed” (Canadian Johns-Manville Company), p. 38¹⁸
• Mill: “When its present program of mill expansion and development of underground mining is completed, Canadian Johns Manville Co., Ltd., will have increased its capacity by 50 percent” (Canadian Johns Manville Co., Ltd.), p. 8⁸

1947

• Description: “Stations ... at the 750 level which is the main haulage level” (Canadian Johns-Manville Company), p. 38¹⁸
• Description: “sinking of No. 1 Shaft to 1000 feet below surface” (Canadian Johns-Manville Company), p. 38¹⁸
• Mill: “contains adequate storage for 6½ to 9 days' supply for the mill” (Canadian Johns-Manville Co., Ltd.), as reported by Asbestos (magazine), p. 7⁹
• Mill: “has recently erected a 60,000-ton ore-storage building at Asbestos, Quebec” (Canadian Johns-Manville Co., Ltd.), as reported by Asbestos (magazine), p. 7⁹

1948

• Description: “within the next five or six years ... necessary to resort to underground mining” (Canadian Johns-Manville Company), p. 26⁵⁵
• Description: “all asbestos ore at the Jeffrey Mine ... is coming from their open pit mine” (Canadian Johns-Manville Company), p. 26⁵⁵
• Description: “The headframe ... constructed of concrete ... because of the shortage of steel ... skips of 10-ton capacity” (Canadian Johns-Manville Company), p. 26⁵⁵
• Description: “Underground Headframe located over a 1,000 ft., 5-compartment shaft” (Canadian Johns-Manville Company), p. 26⁵⁵

1949

• Idle: “production has been resumed after the strike which lasted from February 13 to June 30” (Johns-Manville Corporation), said by Johns-Manville Corporation, as reported by Asbestos (magazine), p. 48³⁹
• Idle: “the employees of all four companies went on strike on February 14th” (Canadian Johns-Manville Company, Limited), p. 42⁴⁰

1950

• Exploration: “made satisfactory progress in its extensive block-caving development and expected to have substantial production from three blocks during 1951” (Canadian Johns-Manville Corp.), p. 8⁵⁶
• Description: “Underground mining was begun at the Jeffrey mine in February 1950” (Johns-Manville Corporation), said by Johns-Manville Corporation (annual report; Lewis H. Brown, Chairman), as reported by Asbestos (magazine), p. 42¹⁹

1951

• Mill: “Johns-Manville Co. 12,500 [daily rock tonnage]” (Johns-Manville Co.), as reported by Asbestos (magazine), p. 50⁵⁷
• Mill: “The Jeffrey mill of Canadian Johns-Manville Corp. is being modernized” (Canadian Johns-Manville Corp.), p. 7³
• Worked: “Canadian Johns-Manville Corp. (operating in the Quebec area)” (Canadian Johns-Manville Corp.), p. 7³
• Description: “to maintain the present fibre production rate entirely by underground mining when operation of the open pit ... is no longer feasible” (Johns-Manville Corporation), said by Johns-Manville Corporation, as reported by Asbestos (magazine), p. 41⁵⁸
• Mill: “The site has been cleared for a new mill ... will eventually replace the present mills” (Johns-Manville Corporation), said by Johns-Manville Corporation, as reported by Asbestos (magazine), p. 40⁵⁸

1952

• Worked: “Canadian Johns-Manville Corp., Ltd. (largest producer)” (Canadian Johns-Manville Corp., Ltd.), p. 8⁴⁷
• Mill: “An extensive modernization program ... at the Jeffrey mine and mill, Asbestos, Quebec, is well advanced” (Canadian Johns-Manville Corp., Ltd.), p. 9⁴⁷
• Output: “Over 16,000 tons a day of fiber-bearing rock is now being milled” (Canadian Johns-Manville Corp., Ltd.), p. 9⁴⁷

1953

• Mill: “Canadian Johns-Manville hard at work on its big $21 million program. This includes a new mill to replace existing facilities” (Canadian Johns-Manville), p. 6⁵⁹
• Mill: “has made substantial progress in new mill construction at the Jeffrey mine” (Canadian Johns-Manville Corp., Ltd.), p. 9²⁰
• Worked: “Canadian Johns-Manville Corp., Ltd. (produced asbestos in Quebec)” (Canadian Johns-Manville Corp., Ltd.), p. 9²⁰
• Mill: “When completed the mill will have a capacity of about 600,000 tons of asbestos a year” (Canadian Johns-Manville Corp., Ltd.), p. 9²⁰
• Description: “A second vertical shaft has been sunk to a depth of 1,500 feet, and a new concrete headframe has been constructed” (Canadian Johns-Manville Corp., Ltd.), p. 9²⁰
• Description: “A second concrete headframe was built in 1952 and a second 1,500 feet underground vertical shaft is presently being sunk” (Canadian Johns-Manville Company, Limited), p. 8²⁴
• Mill: “It is 14 stories high ... The mill capacity will be about 600,000 tons of asbestos fibre per year” (Canadian Johns-Manville Company, Limited), p. 10²⁴
• Output: “Production at the Jeffrey Mines ... amounted in 1953 to 481,805 tons” (Canadian Johns-Manville Company, Limited), p. 8²⁴

1954

• Mill: “The first section of a new mill is to be completed at this site next year” (Johns-Manville Corporation), said by Johns-Manville Corporation, as reported by Asbestos (magazine), p. 54⁶⁰
• Workforce: “providing jobs for more than 2,600 men and women at the Asbestos, Quebec, mine, mill and plant operation” (Johns-Manville), p. 22³⁷
• Dust and health: “All machines at the new Johns-Manville mill are so well equipped that the air within the mill is virtually dust free” (Canadian Johns-Manville Corp.), as reported by Canadian Min. Jour., p. 7³⁴
• Dust and health: “a Cottrell-type electric precipitator, which recovers about 60 tons per day of fine dust” (Canadian Johns-Manville Corp.), as reported by Canadian Min. Jour., p. 7³⁴
• Mill: “the new Jeffrey mill ... the largest asbestos mill in the world. It is in operation although not completed” (Canadian Johns-Manville Corp., Ltd.), p. 10³⁴
• Dust and health: “Dust is so plentiful that its disposal requires a shed 200 feet long and 60 feet high in which floats settle in 8 graded sections at a rate of 140 tons a day” (Canadian Johns-Manville Corp.), as reported by Canadian Min. Jour., p. 7³⁴
• Mill: “When completed, it will have an annual capacity of 600,000 tons of fiber” (Canadian Johns-Manville Corp., Ltd.), p. 10³⁴
• Workforce: “A foreman and a staff of 10 men are regularly employed to install and maintain dust-control equipment” (Canadian Johns-Manville Corp.), as reported by Canadian Min. Jour., p. 7³⁴
• Dust and health: “At the Canadian Johns-Manville Corp. new mill at Asbestos, Quebec, an elaborate dust-collecting system has been developed” (Canadian Johns-Manville Corp.), as reported by Canadian Min. Jour., p. 7³⁴

1955

• Output: “A record production of 592,000 tons” (Johns-Manville Corp., Ltd.), p. 11¹³
• Description: “the world's largest asbestos mine” (Johns-Manville Corp., Ltd.), p. 11¹³
• Description: “The block-caving method at the Jeffery mine” (Johns-Manville Corp., Ltd.), as reported by Rock Products, p. 11¹³
• Output: “Total production of asbestos fibre from the Canadian mines in 1955 was 592,000 tons” (Johns-Manville Corporation), said by Johns-Manville Corporation, as reported by Asbestos (magazine), p. 48³⁰
• Exploration: “Expansion of underground mining operations at the Jeffrey mine” (Johns-Manville Corporation), said by Johns-Manville Corporation, as reported by Asbestos (magazine), p. 48³⁰
• Mill: “Construction of a new mill at the company's Jeffrey asbestos mine in Asbestos, Quebec, continued with completion planned in 1956” (Johns-Manville Corporation), said by Johns-Manville Corporation, as reported by Asbestos (magazine), p. 48³⁰
• Mill: “J-M's new multi-million dollar mill, half of which was opened last year, will be completed in 1956, boosting capacity to between 600,000 and 650,000 tons” (Canadian Johns-Manville Co., Ltd.), p. 4³¹
• Output: “production rose in 1955 to 550,000 tons of fibre” (Canadian Johns-Manville Co., Ltd.), p. 4³¹

1956

• Mill: “The company's older mill will be retained for the present, giving the entire installation an eventual capacity of 800,000 tons” (Canadian Johns-Manville Co., Ltd.), p. 4³¹
• Reserves: “J-M's reserves at Asbestos are said to be sufficient for 100 years” (Canadian Johns-Manville Co., Ltd.), p. 4³¹
• Exploration: “Johns-Manville has sunk a second shaft at the mammoth Jeffrey Mine at Asbestos, Quebec, which is expected to be in operation by July of 1957” (Johns-Manville), p. 60⁴⁸
• Mill: “already the largest asbestos mill in the world, was being enlarged to provide additional floorspace of 75,000 square feet” (Canadian Johns-Manville Co.), p. 9⁶¹
• Mill: “During August Canadian Johns-Manville Company Limited placed in operation the remaining units of the new mill at the Jeffrey Mine” (Canadian Johns-Manville Company Limited), p. 16²⁶
• Mill: “plans for the immediate construction of a $1,000,000 addition ... increasing the number of primary milling circuits from twelve to sixteen” (Canadian Johns-Manville Company Limited), p. 16²⁶

1957

• Output: “These additional underground operations ... will increase potential ore production there from 15,000 to 30,000 tons each day” (Johns-Manville), p. 60⁴⁸
• Mill: “Johns-Manville will commence construction of additional mill facilities at Asbestos, Quebec in February and will complete the job before the end of 1957” (Johns-Manville), p. 60⁴⁸
• Mill: “The Jeffrey mill of Canadian Johns-Manville at Asbestos, Quebec, was described” (Canadian Johns-Manville), as reported by Pit and Quarry, p. 8⁶²
• Mill: “construction of a new asbestos mill at the Jeffrey Mine, Asbestos, Quebec” (Johns-Manville), p. 10⁶³
• Mill: “Canadian Johns-Manville has completed a $1 million extension to its mill and a second main shaft to underground workings” (Canadian Johns-Manville), p. 6⁶⁴

1958

• Exploration: “a $3,850,000 program designed to extend the life of its open-pit mine into the early 1960's ... remove 5.3 million cu. yd. of overburden” (Canadian Johns-Manville), p. 6⁶⁴
• Description: “Two underpasses to be built under Manville Street in Asbestos will permit movement of the overburden” (Canadian Johns-Manville), p. 6⁶⁴
• Mill: “Canadian Johns-Manville Ltd., Richmond County, Jeffrey Mine, 20,000 ton mill” (Canadian Johns-Manville Ltd.), p. 8⁶⁵
• Output: “maintained its underground mining rate at 12,000 tons of ore per day but decided to increase the tonnage of ore coming from its open-pit” (Canadian Johns-Manville Company Limited), p. 22⁴⁹
• Mill: “enlarged its No. 5 mill in order to increase its treatment capacity from 15,000 to 20,000 tons of ore per day. The new section began functioning in September. The No. 4 mill has been closed” (Canadian Johns-Manville Company Limited), p. 22⁴⁹

1959

• Description: “Diesel trucks of 22-1/2 ton capacity are used to transport the broken ore from the pit to the crusher plant. These operations continue day and night on a three shift basis for five days a week”, p. 18⁶⁶
• Description: “Jeffrey Mine. Asbestos. Operating caving system underground but open pit work continues as well” (Canadian Johns-Manville Limited), p. 12⁴⁹
• Output: “enlarge open pit production capacity from the present 12,000 tons per day to a potential of 30,000 tons per day of ore and 12,000 tons per day of waste” (Canadian Johns-Manville Limited), p. 12¹¹
• Closed: “Canadian Johns-Manville Limited has decided to expand its open pit operations, and in three years' time underground operations will be abandoned” (Canadian Johns-Manville Limited), p. 12¹¹
• Workforce: “normal turnover of man-power and increasing man-power requirements in the open pit should not affect the present labor force to any great extent” (Canadian Johns-Manville Limited), p. 12¹¹
• Description: “The system to be used is an inclined skipway of which there will be two, one for ore and one for waste” (Canadian Johns-Manville Limited), p. 12¹¹
• Description: “to give more emphasis to open-pit than underground mining at the Jeffery mine” (Canadian Johns-Mansville Co., Ltd.), as reported by Asbestos, p. 6⁶⁷
• Description: “Industrial television was installed in the Jeffery mine at Asbestos, Quebec, to improve hoisting efficiency”, as reported by Mine and Quarrying Engineering (London), p. 10⁶⁷
• Closed: “Within the next two to three years it is planned to supply mill feed entirely from open-pit workings and close down the underground mine” (Canadian Johns-Manville Company), as reported by Asbestos (magazine), p. 28⁶⁸
• Description: “Over the past several years the Jeffrey mine has been developed into one of the two largest block-caving underground operations in this country” (Canadian Johns-Manville Company), as reported by Asbestos (magazine), p. 28⁶⁸
• Workforce: “As of October 28 the miners have worked a total of 208 days and better than 1,957,000 manhours without a lost time accident” (Canadian Johns-Manville), said by Johns-Manville (J-M News Pictorial), p. 10⁴¹

1960

• Mill: “the Jeffrey mill at Asbestos, the largest mill in Canada and, in fact, the largest in the world ... an immense twelve story building. The crushed rock (800 tons hourly)” (Canadian Johns-Manville), p. 8²⁵
• Dust and health: “The top floor comprises the dedusting plant, consisting of bag filters ... Cleaned air is either re-circulated or exhausted to atmosphere, according to the temperature in the building” (Canadian Johns-Manville), p. 8²⁵
• Description: “Descriptions of mining operations at the Jeffrey mine ... were published” (Canadian Johns-Manville Co., Ltd.), as reported by Precambrian-Mining in Canada (Winnipeg), p. 7⁶⁹

1961

• Dust and health: “one of the 60,000 dust catching bags used for the elimination of dust at the Jeffrey Mill at Asbestos. Such dust bags prevent the dust from escaping into the working areas” (Canadian Johns-Manville), said by Johns-Manville (J-M News Pictorial), p. 8³⁵
• Description: “Next fall, asbestos ore from the Canadian Johns-Manville Jeffrey open pit will be hauled by two 35-ton skips operating on a 45-degree incline and feeding a battery of four jaw crushers” (Canadian Johns-Manville), p. 14⁷⁰
• Description: “the long haul from the pit bottom up the twisting haul-road, over one mile in length, and on a nine per cent grade” (Canadian Johns-Manville), p. 14⁷⁰
• Description: “An inclined skipway with a capacity of 30,000 tons per day and designed for an eventual depth of 1,200 feet was being installed”, p. 8⁷¹

1962

• Description: “resumed open-pit operations using new skipways and improved fragmentation with inclined drill holes”, as reported by Canadian Mining and Metallurgical Bulletin (Montreal), p. 12²¹
• Description: “The return of the mine to open-pit operation was essentially completed” (Canadian Johns-Manville Co., Ltd.), p. 7²¹
• Worked: “operated the Jeffrey mine, Asbestos, Quebec, close to capacity during 1962” (Canadian Johns-Manville Co., Ltd.), p. 7²¹
• Description: “An inclined skipway was installed for removing waste from the pit” (Canadian Johns-Manville Co., Ltd.), p. 7²¹

1963

• Output: “The Jeffrey mine at Asbestos is the largest, handling 30,000 tons per day of ore”, as reported by Canadian Mining and Metallurgical Bulletin (Montreal), p. 7⁵⁰
• Workforce: “An outline of wage incentives”, as reported by Canadian Mining and Metallurgical Bulletin (Montreal), p. 7⁵⁰
• Description: “A comprehensive report on industrial engineering at the Jeffrey mine was presented in three parts”, as reported by Canadian Mining and Metallurgical Bulletin (Montreal), p. 7⁵⁰

1964

• Description: “Reasons for the conversion of mining operations from open pit to underground followed by the reversal to open pit are noted” (Canadian Johns-Manville Co., Ltd.), as reported by Skillings' Mining Review, p. 8⁵
• Description: “A description of the history of mining methods at the Jeffrey mine ... was published” (Canadian Johns-Manville Co., Ltd.), as reported by Mining in Canada (Winnipeg), p. 8⁵
• Fiber: “Chrysotile crudes from ... Johns-Manville, Asbestos, Quebec” (Johns-Manville), p. 10⁵
• Description: “Major operating and maintenance problems encountered since the start-up in 1962 of a 30,000-ton-per-day skipway”, as reported by Canadian Mining and Metallurgical Bulletin (Montreal), p. 11⁵

1965

• Description: “J.M.'s Jeffrey Mine is experiencing changes to increase capacity, and the asbestos crater ... is being enlarged” (Johns-Manville Corporation), p. 3⁷²
• Mill: “the Johns-Manville Jeffrey mill at Asbestos, Quebec” (Johns-Manville), as reported by Canadian Min. Jour., p. 8⁷³
• Mill: “a $4,000,000 investment was authorized, increasing capacity of fibre production 30,000 tons” (Canadian Johns-Manville Company Limited), said by Johns-Manville Corporation, as reported by Asbestos (magazine), p. 17⁷⁴

1969

• Mill: “capacity is being expanded from 600,000 to 700,000 tons of fiber annually” (Canadian Johns-Manville Co. Ltd.), as reported by Mining Journal (London), p. 8⁷⁵
• Description: “Jeffrey open pit mine” (Canadian Johns-Manville Co. Ltd.), as reported by Mining Journal (London), p. 8⁷⁵

1970

• Output: “The accelerated development program is aimed at production of 600,000 tons of fiber per year” (Canadian Johns-Manville Co. Ltd.), p. 18⁵¹

1971

• Description: “a $75 million relocation and reconstruction program at the main Jeffrey Mine” (Canadian Johns-Manville Co. Ltd.), p. 8²⁷
• Description: “The $75 million relocation and reconstruction project at the Jeffrey mine continued”, p. 9⁷⁶

1972

• Mill: “What is believed to be the world's largest crusher was installed at the new crusher-dryer-concentrator complex” (Canadian Johns-Manville Co. Ltd.), p. 20²⁸
• Mill: “The expansion and modernization of the Canadian Johns-Manville Co., Ltd., mine and mill at Asbestos, Quebec” (Canadian Johns-Manville Co., Ltd.), p. 9²⁹
• Mill: “This 800-ton gyratory crusher can accept the full load of a 200-ton dump truck at one time” (Canadian Johns-Manville Co., Ltd.), p. 9²⁹
• Dust and health: “a tailings stabilization program; open-pit walls were uniformly sloped and seeded with grasses after the soil was treated to form a dust-proof crust” (Canadian Johns-Manville Co. Ltd.), p. 8³⁶

1973

• Mill: “the new 12-story crusher-dryer-concentrator complex at the Jeffrey Mine; Scheduled to enter production later this year” (Canadian Johns-Manville), as reported by Asbestos Producer, p. 34⁷⁷
• Mill: “This marks the end of its $75 million expansion program” (Canadian Johns-Manville Co., Ltd.), p. 8³²
• Buyers: “the world's largest mine having its entire year's production sold by August”, p. 7³²
• Output: “now produces 600,000 tons per year of fiber” (Canadian Johns-Manville Co., Ltd.), p. 8³²
• Description: “probably the world's largest” (Canadian Johns-Manville Co., Ltd.), p. 8³²
• Mill: “officially dedicated the new concentrator plant at its Jeffrey mine” (Canadian Johns-Manville Co., Ltd.), p. 8³²

1974

• Output: “Fiber-producing capacity 835,000 (short tons per year)” (Canadian Johns-Manville Co., Ltd), as reported by Economic Analysis of Proposed Effluent Guidelines, The Asbestos Products Manufacturing Industry, EPA-230/1-73-001, p. 8⁵²
• Ownership: “Johns-Manville Corp | Canadian Johns-Manville Co., Ltd | 835,000” (Canadian Johns-Manville Co., Ltd), as reported by Economic Analysis of Proposed Effluent Guidelines, The Asbestos Products Manufacturing Industry, EPA-230/1-73-001, p. 8⁵²
• Output: “cut shipments for the year to 93% of the 650,000 tons of fiber shipped in 1974” (Canadian Johns-Manville Co.), p. 9²³

1975

• Mill: “The mill at this vast mining-milling complex has a 720,000-short-ton-per-year capacity of QAMA Grades 3-8” (Canadian Johns-Manville Co. Ltd.), p. 30²²
• Mill: “asbestos ore concentrated at the recently-opened Bolduc Mine, near Val d'or, Quebec, is shipped to Jeffrey for milling” (Canadian Johns-Manville Co. Ltd.), p. 31²²
• Workforce: “the union and management agreed to terms before a strike was called” (Johns-Manville), p. 9²³
• Output: “A return to full production was reached in October with record high shipments and another record was set in December” (Canadian Johns-Manville Co.), p. 9²³
• Idle: “suffered a major landslide in January of 1975” (Canadian Johns-Manville Co.), p. 9²³
• Description: “a mile-wide landslide involving over a million tons of earth which occurred January 21, 1975; production has been reduced this year some 20%-25%” (Canadian Johns-Manville Co. Ltd.), p. 31²²

1976

• Mill: “The mill at the Jeffrey Mine has the capacity to produce 720,000 short tons per year of Chrysotile asbestos, QAMA Grades 3-8” (Canadian Johns-Manville Co. Ltd.), p. 31⁷⁸
• Description: “approved $77-million in capital expenditures to be used over a five-year period” (Johns-Manville Corporation), p. 31⁷⁸
• Description: “In 1976 J-M announced a five-year, $77,000,000 capital expenditure program for the Jeffrey Mine” (Johns-Manville Corporation), said by Johns-Manville Corporation, p. 9⁷⁹
• Description: “$77-million capital investment program to improve its Jeffrey mine” (Canadian Johns-Manville Corp.), p. 9⁸⁰
• Output: “produces 45% of Canada's asbestos and 15% of the world's production”, p. 9⁸⁰
• Description: “initial expenditures will be for acquiring property surrounding the mine, repairs, and new facilities” (Canadian Johns-Manville Corp.), p. 9⁸⁰

1977

• Workforce: “employing 2695 people at its mining and manufacturing facilities” (Canadian Johns-Manville Co. Ltd.), p. 27³⁸
• Output: “the $77-million, five-year plan ... to ensure, over the next quarter century, optimal annual asbestos production of 700,000 short tons at the Jeffrey Mine” (Johns-Manville Corporation), p. 27³⁸
• Description: “reinstituted its announced plan to spend $77 million over the next 5 years for facility development at its Jeffrey mine” (Canadian Johns-Manville Co., Ltd.), p. 9⁸¹

1978

• Description: “it measures 6,500 feet east to west, 6,000 feet north to south and is 1,010 feet deep” (Johns-Manville Canada Inc.), p. 36¹⁵
• Ownership: “This company, which recently changed its name from Canadian Johns-Manville Co. Ltd.” (Johns-Manville Canada Inc.), p. 36¹⁵
• Output: “Total production in 1978 reached 590,305 tons” (Johns-Manville Corporation), said by Johns-Manville Corporation, as reported by Asbestos (magazine), p. 44³³
• Idle: “operated on a five-day schedule from January through July, although milling operations continued on a six-day basis” (Johns-Manville Corporation), said by Johns-Manville Corporation, as reported by Asbestos (magazine), p. 44³³
• Ownership: “Johns-Manville Canada, Inc., is the new name of the former Canadian Johns-Manville, Ltd.” (Johns-Manville Canada, Inc.), p. 11¹⁶
• Description: “1.98 kilometers east to west, 1.83 kilometers north to south, and 308 meters deep” (Johns-Manville Canada, Inc.), p. 11¹⁶

1979

• Reserves: “Proven ore reserves are estimated to exceed 441-million tons” (Johns-Manville Canada Inc.), p. 31⁸²

1981

• Output: “An annual production of 700,000 short tons is anticipated” (Johns-Manville Canada Inc.), p. 36¹⁵

1983

• Ownership: “J. M. Asbestos Inc., the new owner” (J. M. Asbestos Inc.), p. 5¹⁰
• Ownership: “The purchasers included a number of former Manville executives headed by the president of their former auditing firm” (J. M. Asbestos Inc.), p. 5¹⁰
• Fiber: “promised to continue production of fine chrysotile fibers” (J. M. Asbestos Inc.), p. 5¹⁰
• Ownership: “Manville's Canadian mine, the world's largest, was purchased by a Canadian group” (Manville Corp.), p. 1¹⁰
• Ownership: “Manville concluded the sale of the Jeffrey Mine at Asbestos in September” (Manville), p. 5¹⁰

1998

• Exploration: “continued to develop its underground operation in Asbestos, Quebec” (JM Asbestos Inc.), as reported by Engineering & Mining Journal, p. 2⁴²

1999

• Exploration: “continued its underground development in Asbestos, Quebec” (J.M. Asbestos Inc.), as reported by Mining Journal, p. 2⁴³
• Description: “The underground mine, which will replace its open pit operation, is scheduled to begin operation in 2000” (J.M. Asbestos Inc.), as reported by Mining Journal, p. 2⁴³

2000

• Opened: “scheduled to begin operation in 2000” (JM Asbestos Inc.), as reported by Engineering & Mining Journal, p. 2⁴²

2002

• Worked: “will continue to operate on a limited scale while under bankruptcy protection” (Jeffrey Mine Inc.), as reported by Gazette Montreal; Natural Resources Quebec, p. 2⁴⁴
• Description: “cited declining worldwide prices for asbestos as the reason” (Jeffrey Mine Inc.), as reported by Gazette Montreal, p. 2⁴⁴
• Idle: “temporarily closed its mine in October when it filed for bankruptcy protection” (Jeffrey Mine Inc.), as reported by Gazette Montreal, p. 2⁴⁴
• Worked: “opened the mine for limited production in December to fill special orders” (Jeffrey Mine Inc.), as reported by Gazette Montreal, p. 2⁴⁴

2010

• Ownership: “the purchase was conditional on the Quebec Government guaranteeing a $56 million bank loan” (Mine Jeffrey Inc.), as reported by Canadian Mining Journal, 2010; Industrial Minerals, 2010, p. 2⁴⁵
• Output: “eventually increase production to 250,000 metric tons per year (t/yr)” (Mine Jeffrey Inc.), as reported by Canadian Mining Journal, 2010; Industrial Minerals, 2010, p. 2⁴⁵
• Ownership: “At yearend, no decision had been made concerning the loan” (Mine Jeffrey Inc.), as reported by Canadian Mining Journal, 2010; Industrial Minerals, 2010, p. 2⁴⁵
• Ownership: “approved the purchase of the privately held company by an international consortium” (Mine Jeffrey Inc.), as reported by Canadian Mining Journal, 2010; Industrial Minerals, 2010, p. 2⁴⁵
• Exploration: “complete the underground portion of its mine” (Mine Jeffrey Inc.), as reported by Canadian Mining Journal, 2010; Industrial Minerals, 2010, p. 2⁴⁵
• Output: “from 15,000 t/yr” (Mine Jeffrey Inc.), as reported by Canadian Mining Journal, 2010; Industrial Minerals, 2010, p. 2⁴⁵

2011

• Idle: “The Jeffrey Mine stopped production while waiting for funding”, as reported by Canadian Broadcasting Corp., 2011, 2012; Canadian Mining Journal, 2011, p. 3⁴⁶
• Description: “continued to sell chrysotile fiber from inventory”, as reported by Canadian Broadcasting Corp., 2011, 2012; Canadian Mining Journal, 2011, p. 3⁴⁶

2018

• Description: “extract magnesium metal from asbestos tailings at former mines in the towns of Asbestos and Thetford Mines” (Alliance Magnesium Inc.), as reported by Chemical Watch (Franklin, 2018); Financial Post (Rabson, 2018), p. 3⁸³

1942

• Opened: “Discovery of asbestos on Charlie Webb's farm near Danville, Quebec; that deposit is today the site of Johns-Manville's huge pit” (Johns-Manville), as reported by American Roofer, p. 36¹⁴

In court opinions

Court opinions in our case-law library that name this mine, by how they concern it. A search found every one that names the mine and an AI reader sorted them; the quotation, checked word for word against the text, shows where. Those that name the mine only in passing or in a reference list are left out.

The mine’s fiber in products (3)

• Fowler v. Akzo Nobel Chemicals, Inc. (2021): “Johns Manville mined its chrysotile asbestos from the Jeffrey Mine in Canada and, according to one of Union Carbide's experts, the asbestos from the Jeffrey Mine was contaminated with tremolite”
• Phillips v. Honeywell International Inc. (2017): “to write a now-infamous letter to Bendix's asbestos supplier (Martin letter). The letter was dated September 12, 1966, and addressed to Noel Hendry of Canadian Johns-Manville Asbestos Limited at Asbestos, Quebec, Canada.”
• Ransom v. Calaveras Asbestos, Ltd. (2009): “The Stockton plant had various suppliers: Jeffrey Mine, which was operated by Johns-Manville; Cassier Fiber; Cape Blue Fiber; and defendant.”

In medical studies

Medical studies in our research library that name this mine, by how they concern it. A search found every one that names the mine and an AI reader sorted them; the quotation, checked word for word against the text, shows where. Those that name the mine only in passing or in a reference list are left out.

Studies of the mine’s workers (13)

• Becklake MR 1979: Radiological changes after withdrawal from asbestos exposure: “the town of Asbestos, Quebec (56%) than from the area of Thetford Mines, Quebec (440%), and the former were heavier smokers.”
• Bégin R 1992: Work-related mesothelioma in Québec, 1967-1990: “in the chrysotile primary industry and, in particular, in the mining town of Asbestos, where tremolite contamination is lower.”
• Case BW 1997: Asbestos, asbestosis, and lung cancer: observations in Quebec chrysotile workers: “Twenty-six cohort members at the Jeffrey Pit in Asbestos, Quebec, had consecutive autopsies from 1979 through 1983”
• Dufresne A 1995: Fibers in lung tissues of mesothelioma cases among miners and millers of the township of Asbestos, Quebec: “Twenty cases of mesothelioma among miners of the township of Asbestos, Quebec, Canada, have been reported.”
• Dufresne A 1996: Retention of asbestos fibres in lungs of workers with asbestosis, asbestosis and lung cancer, and mesothelioma in Asbestos township: “Retention of asbestos fibres in lungs of workers with asbestosis, asbestosis and lung cancer, and mesothelioma in Asbestos township”
• Liddell FD 1998: Dust exposure and lung cancer in Quebec chrysotile miners and millers: “the mine and mill in the town of Asbestos (206) and a small asbestos-products factory in the same town (39)”
• McDonald AD 1997: Mesothelioma in Quebec chrysotile miners and millers: epidemiology and aetiology: “In Asbestos, Quebec, where amphiboles were used in the factory from time to time, there was not inconsiderable movement of labour between the factory and the mill”
• McDonald JC 1979: Mortality in Canadian miners and millers exposed to chrysotile: “A small proportion, who worked at a small asbestos manufacturing plant in Asbestos, Quebec, owned by one of the mining companies, was included because of frequent movement between the factory and the mine or mill.”
• McDonald JC 1980: Dust exposure and mortality in chrysotile mining, 1910-75: “One large company has operated near Danville, and the new town of Asbestos was built; this company has also manu- factured asbestos products in a small local factory.”
• McDonald JC 1992: Ferruginous body counts in sputum as an index of past exposure to mineral fibres: “Asbestos, Quebec (MCDONALD et al., 1980) Enoree, South Carolina (MCDONALD et al., 1988)”
• McDonald JC 1993: Dust exposure and mortality in chrysotile mining, 1910-75. 1980: “One large company has operated near Danville, and the new town of Asbestos was built; this company has also manu- factured asbestos products in a small local factory.”
• Nayebzadeh A 2001: Lung mineral fibers of former miners and millers from Thetford-Mines and asbestos regions: a comparative study of fiber concentration and dimension: “A single, large open pit was developed in Asbestos town, and it was named Jeffrey Mine”
• Smith KW 1965: Trends in the health of the asbestos worker: “We have on file at our Jeffrey Mine at Asbestos over 100,000 chest films in which no cases of calcified pleural plaques will be found.”

Studies of people who lived nearby (2)

• Camus M 1998: Nonoccupational exposure to chrysotile asbestos and the risk of lung cancer: “a standard aerosol-dispersion model to estimate airborne asbestos levels in the town of Asbestos, Quebec, before the onset of dust controls in the 1950s”
• Case BW 1991: Health effects of tremolite. Now and in the future

Studies of the mine’s fiber (43)

• Barbeau C 1985: Metallic elements in crude and milled chrysotile asbestos from Quebec: “Jeffrey mine is located at Asbestos, Quebec, 60 km away from Bell mine at Thetford Mines, and 90 km away from Carey Canadian mine”
• Barry BE 1983: Reaction of rat lungs to inhaled chrysotile asbestos following acute and subchronic exposures: “A grade 4 chrysotile asbestos from Quebec (Plastibest-20, Jeffrey Mine, Johns- Manville Company) was used for the fiber exposures.”
• Berman DW 2010: Comparing milled fiber, Quebec ore, and textile factory dust: has another piece of the asbestos puzzle fallen into place?: “three samples of ore stockpiled in 2000 at the Jeffrey Mine, a large open-pit mine in Asbestos, Quebec, were selected for analysis”
• Berman DW 2012: More on the dynamics of dust generation: the effects of mixing and sanding chrysotile, calcium carbonate, and other components on the characteristics of joint-compound dusts: “7RF3 fiber was originally obtained as a commercial product from the Johns-Manville mine in Asbestos, Quebec.”
• Bernstein DM 2011: Quantification of the pathological response and fate in the lung and pleura of chrysotile in combination with fine particles compared to amosite-asbestos following short-term inhalation exposure: “the chrysotile used in the recreated formulation in this study (JM 7RF3 from the Jeffrey Mine in Quebec, Canada)”
• Bernstein DM 2018: Evaluation of the dose-response and fate in the lung and pleura of chrysotile-containing brake dust compared to chrysotile or crocidolite asbestos in a 28-day quantitative inhalation toxicology study: “the materials were obtained directly from the Jeffery Mine in Canada for chrysotile”
• Brody AR 1982: Interstitial accumulation of inhaled chrysotile asbestos fibers and consequent formation of microcalcifications: “exposed to an aero- sol of chrysotile asbestos (Jeffrey Mine, Quebec, Canada) at a concentration of”
• Brorby GP 2008: Re-creation of historical chrysotile-containing joint compounds: “Johns Manville (JM) 7RF3 and JM 7R05, which are from the Jeffrey Mine in Quebec, Canada”
• Chang LY 1988: Progressive lung cell reactions and extracellular matrix production after a brief exposure to asbestos: “rats were exposed to aerosolized chrysotile asbestos (Jeffrey Mine, Quebec, Canada) through Plexiglas nose-only holders”
• Germine M 2015: Analytical Transmission Electron Microscopy of Amphibole Fibers From the Lungs of Quebec Miners: “We will supplement these data with sim- ilar analytical data on a bulk comparison sample of fibrous tremolite-actinolite and actinolite from the Jeffrey Mine”
• Guilianelli C 1993: Effect of mineral particles containing iron on primary cultures of rabbit tracheal epithelial cells: possible implication of oxidative stress: “Nemalite (Asbestos, Quebec) is a fibrous brucite [Mg(OH)2] in which 8% of the Mg2+ is substituted by Fe2+.”
• Hartmann DP 1984: Enhanced interleukin activity following asbestos inhalation: “Chrysotile asbestos (Lot AX 3733-M) was obtained from Johns-Manville Corporation. Jeffrey Mine, Quebec, Canada.”
• Heintz NH 1993: Persistent induction of c-fos and c-jun expression by asbestos: “Reference samples of National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) processed croci- dolite and chrysotile (Jeffrey Mines, Quebec) asbestos fibers were obtained”
• Hesterberg TW 1994: Relationship between lung biopersistence and biological effects of man-made vitreous fibers after chronic inhalation in rats: “Positive control animals were exposed to intermedi- ate length NIEHS chrysotile asbestos (Jeffrey Mine, Asbestos, Quebec).”
• Hesterberg TW 1998: The importance of fiber biopersistence and lung dose in determining the chronic inhalation effects of X607, RCF1, and chrysotile asbestos in rats: “The chrysotile originated from the Jeffrey Mine (Asbestos, Quebec, Canada).”
• Hutchison WG 1978: Comparison of rhapidosomes and asbestos microfibrils: “with freshly milled asbestos from the Johns-Manville Jeffrey mine in Quebec Province”
• Kagan E 1983: The effects of chrysotile and crocidolite asbestos on the lower respiratory tract: analysis of bronchoalveolar lavage constituents: “Chrysotile asbestos (Lot AX3738-M) was obtained from Johns-Manville Corporation, Jeffrey Mine, Quebec, Canada.”
• Langer AM 1974: Electron microscopical investigation of asbestos fibers: “Chrysotile samples from the Jef- frey mine, Asbestos, Quebec, were obtained and used as the principal representative of this fiber type”
• Langer AM 1994: Chrysotile: its occurrence and properties as variables controlling biological effects: “Slip fibre from the Jeffrey pit is predominantly brucite and suggests that the harshness of some Canadian fibre is”
• Mast RW 1995: Studies on the chronic toxicity (inhalation) of four types of refractory ceramic fiber in male Fischer 344 rats
• McConnell EE 1983: Chronic effects of dietary exposure to amosite and chrysotile asbestos in Syrian golden hamsters: “The chrysotile was obtained from the Jeffrey Mine, Asbestos, Quebec, Canada.”
• McCrone WC 1974: Detection and identification of asbestos by microscopical dispersion staining
• Morgan A 1997: Acid leaching studies of chrysotile asbestos from mines in the Coalinga region of California and from Quebec and British Columbia
• Morgan A 1997: Acid leaching studies of neutron-irradiated chyrsotile asbestos: “A second sample from Quebec, designated 4T- 30, was also from the Jeffrey mine”
• Mowat F 2005: Occupational exposure to airborne asbestos from phenolic molding material (Bakelite) during sanding, drilling, and related activities: “contains 31% chrysotile asbestos (Jeffrey Mine 7RF-3) by weight”
• Normand C 2007: Physicochemical conditions and timing of rodingite formation: evidence from rodingite-hosted fluid inclusions in the JM Asbestos mine, Asbestos, Québec: “we present results from a detailed study of fluid inclusions in rodingitized slate, diorite and granite, and vesuvianite-rich veins from the JM Asbestos mine, Asbestos, Québec”
• Oghiso Y 1984: Intrapulmonary distribution of inhaled chrysotile and crocidolite asbestos: ultrastructural features: “Chrysotile asbestos (Lot AX 3 73 8-M) was obtained from Johns-Man- ville Corporation, Jeffrey Mine, Quebec, Canada.”
• Osornio-Vargas AR 1991: Lung cell toxicity experimentally induced by a mixed dust from Mexicali, Baja California, Mexico
• Pinkerton KE 1983: Characterization of three types of chrysotile asbestos after aerosolization
• Pinkerton KE 1984: Fiber localization and its relationship to lung reaction in rats after chronic inhalation of chrysotile asbestos: “Controls Jeffrey Mine Chrysotile 12 months + 3 months 12 months 24 months”
• Pinkerton KE 1990: Alveolar type II cell responses to chronic inhalation of chrysotile asbestos in rats: “This material was obtained from the Jeffrey Mine in Quebec, Canada, and was prepared for ex- perimental research”
• Rohl AN 1974: Identification and quantitation of asbestos in talc: “a triple air jet milled sample from the Jeffrey Mine, Quebec (provided chrysotile, Johns-Manville Corp.)”
• Rohl AN 1976: Consumer talcums and powders: mineral and chemical characterization
• Ronholm J 2018: Characterization of Microbial Communities Hosted in Quartzofeldspathic and Serpentinite Lithologies in Jeffrey Mine, Canada: “we have demonstrated the presence of a viable lithic microbial community within two rock types in the Jeffrey Mine”
• Schapira RM 1991: Inorganic particles induce secretion of a macrophage homologue of platelet-derived growth factor in a density-and time-dependent manner in vitro: “either carbonyl iron powder (GAF Chemicals Corp, Lin- den, NJ) or chrysotile asbestos (Jeffrey Mine, Quebec) in tissue culture flasks”
• Schnitzer RJ 1970: Asbestos hemolysis: “Crude fiber from Jeffrey Mine, Asbestos, Quebec, Canada, sepa- rated by hand and cut to short lengths with scissors”
• Schnitzer RJ 1970: Polymers as selective antagonists of hemolytic asbestos fibers: “Sample A is an unaltered air-jet milled product of the Jeffrey Mines (Quebec, Canada) and has a high hemolytic potency.”
• Simeonova PP 1995: Iron and reactive oxygen species in the asbestos-induced tumor necrosis factor-alpha response from alveolar macrophages: “identified as Plas- tibest-20 (Johns Manville, Denver, CO), was originally ob- tained from the Jeffrey mine in Quebec, Canada”
• Singh B 1985: Ambient air concentrations of asbestos fibers near the town of Asbestos, Québec
• Smith CM 1987: Sequence of bronchoalveolar lavage and histopathologic findings in rat lungs early in inhalation asbestos exposure: “Exposure was to chrysotile asbestos (Plastibest-20, Johns-Manville Jeffrey Mine, Asbestos, Quebec, Canada) of intermediate length”
• Warheit DB 1986: Time course of chemotactic factor generation and the corresponding macrophage response to asbestos inhalation: “The asbestos was obtained from the Jeffrey Mine, Quebec,”
• Warheit DB 1988: Pulmonary macrophages are attracted to inhaled particles through complement activation: “Chrysotile asbestos fi- bers were obtained from the Jeffrey Mine in Quebec, Canada, and have been well characterized”
• Warheit DB 1991: Assessments of lung digestion methods for recovery of fibers: “Chrysotile asbestos fibers were obtained from the Jeffrey Mine in Quebec, Canada”

Other names

Documents call this mine “Jeffery mine”, “Jeffrey mill”, “Jeffrey open pit mine”, “Jeffrey mine”, “Jeffrey Mine”, “Jeffrey pit”, “Manville's Canadian mine”, “JM Asbestos Inc. operation in Asbestos, Quebec”, “Jeffrey Mine Inc. mine”, “J.M. Asbestos Inc. underground mine”, “Mine Jeffrey Inc.”, “Jeffery Mine”, “Danville Mines”.

See also

• Jeffrey Mine in the Lexicon
• Canadian Johns-Manville Co., Ltd.: the company's documents, people, products and plants
• Johns-Manville Corp., Ltd.: the company's history, documents, people, products and plants
• Johns-Manville Canada, Inc.: the company's documents, people, products and plants
• All asbestos mines

References

1. Asbestos Magazine, 1935, December 1935 (December 1, 1935), p. 20.
2. Asbestos Magazine, 1925, October 1925 (October 1, 1925), p. 28.
3. Minerals Yearbook: Asbestos Chapters, 1951 (January 1, 1952), p. 7.
4. Asbestos (Turner Brothers), 1920, July 1920 (Vol. 3, No. 11) (July 1, 1920), p. 22.
5. Minerals Yearbook: Asbestos Chapters, 1964 (January 1, 1965), pp. 8, 10–11.
6. Asbestos Magazine, 1922, September 1922 (September 1, 1922), p. 51.
7. Minerals Yearbook: Asbestos Chapters, 1943 (January 1, 1944), p. 9.
8. Minerals Yearbook: Asbestos Chapters, 1946 (January 1, 1947), p. 8.
9. Minerals Yearbook: Asbestos Chapters, 1947 (January 1, 1948), p. 7.
10. Minerals Yearbook: Asbestos Chapters, 1983 (January 1, 1984), pp. 1, 5.
11. Asbestos Magazine, 1959, August 1959 (August 1, 1959), p. 12.
12. Asbestos Magazine, 1940, February 1940 (February 1, 1940), p. 16.
13. Minerals Yearbook: Asbestos Chapters, 1955 (January 1, 1956), p. 11.
14. Asbestos Magazine, 1942, June 1942 (June 1, 1942), p. 36.
15. Asbestos Magazine, 1978, December 1978 (December 1, 1978), p. 36.
16. Minerals Yearbook: Asbestos Chapters, 1978–79 (January 1, 1980), p. 11.
17. Asbestos Magazine, 1944, November 1944 (November 1, 1944), p. 6.
18. Asbestos Magazine, 1947, January 1947 (January 1, 1947), p. 38.
19. Asbestos Magazine, 1951, February 1951 (February 1, 1951), p. 42.
20. Minerals Yearbook: Asbestos Chapters, 1953 (January 1, 1954), p. 9.
21. Minerals Yearbook: Asbestos Chapters, 1962 (January 1, 1963), pp. 7, 12.
22. Asbestos Magazine, 1975, December 1975 (December 1, 1975), pp. 30–31.
23. Minerals Yearbook: Asbestos Chapters, 1975 (January 1, 1976), p. 9.
24. Asbestos Magazine, 1954, April 1954 (April 1, 1954), pp. 8, 10.
25. Asbestos Magazine, 1960, March 1960 (March 1, 1960), p. 8.
26. Asbestos Magazine, 1957, April 1957 (April 1, 1957), p. 16.
27. Asbestos Magazine, 1971, December 1971 (December 1, 1971), p. 8.
28. Asbestos Magazine, 1972, December 1972 (December 1, 1972), p. 20.
29. Minerals Yearbook: Asbestos Chapters, 1972 (January 1, 1973), p. 9.
30. Asbestos Magazine, 1956, February 1956 (February 1, 1956), p. 48.
31. Asbestos Magazine, 1956, March 1956 (March 1, 1956), p. 4.
32. Minerals Yearbook: Asbestos Chapters, 1973 (January 1, 1974), pp. 7–8.
33. Asbestos Magazine, 1979, May 1979 (May 1, 1979), p. 44.
34. Minerals Yearbook: Asbestos Chapters, 1954 (January 1, 1955), pp. 7, 10.
35. J-M News Pictorial, 1961, January 1961 (January 1, 1961), p. 8.
36. Asbestos Magazine, 1973, February 1973 (February 1, 1973), p. 8.
37. Asbestos Magazine, 1954, October 1954 (October 1, 1954), p. 22.
38. Asbestos Magazine, 1977, December 1977 (December 1, 1977), p. 27.
39. Asbestos Magazine, 1949, July 1949 (July 1, 1949), p. 48.
40. Asbestos Magazine, 1949, March 1949 (March 1, 1949), p. 42.
41. J-M News Pictorial, 1959, November 1959 (November 1, 1959), p. 10.
42. Minerals Yearbook: Asbestos Chapters, 1998 (January 1, 1999), p. 2.
43. Minerals Yearbook: Asbestos Chapters, 1999 (January 1, 2000), p. 2.
44. Minerals Yearbook: Asbestos Chapters, 2002 (January 1, 2003), p. 2.
45. Minerals Yearbook: Asbestos Chapters, 2010 (January 1, 2011), p. 2.
46. Minerals Yearbook: Asbestos Chapters, 2011 (January 1, 2012), p. 3.
47. Minerals Yearbook: Asbestos Chapters, 1952 (January 1, 1953), pp. 8–9.
48. Asbestos Magazine, 1957, January 1957 (January 1, 1957), p. 60.
49. Asbestos Magazine, 1959, July 1959 (July 1, 1959), pp. 12, 22.
50. Minerals Yearbook: Asbestos Chapters, 1963 (January 1, 1964), p. 7.
51. Asbestos Magazine, 1970, December 1970 (December 1, 1970), p. 18.
52. Minerals Yearbook: Asbestos Chapters, 1974 (January 1, 1975), p. 8.
53. Minerals Yearbook: Asbestos Chapters, 1944 (January 1, 1945), p. 9.
54. Minerals Yearbook: Asbestos Chapters, 1945 (January 1, 1946), p. 8.
55. Asbestos Magazine, 1948, March 1948 (March 1, 1948), p. 26.
56. Minerals Yearbook: Asbestos Chapters, 1950 (January 1, 1951), p. 8.
57. Asbestos Magazine, 1951, April 1951 (April 1, 1951), p. 50.
58. Asbestos Magazine, 1952, February 1952 (February 1, 1952), pp. 40–41.
59. Asbestos Magazine, 1953, May 1953 (May 1, 1953), p. 6.
60. Asbestos Magazine, 1953, July 1953 (July 1, 1953), p. 54.
61. Minerals Yearbook: Asbestos Chapters, 1956 (January 1, 1957), p. 9.
62. Minerals Yearbook: Asbestos Chapters, 1957 (January 1, 1958), p. 8.
63. Asbestos Magazine, 1958, March 1958 (March 1, 1958), p. 10.
64. Asbestos Magazine, 1958, April 1958 (April 1, 1958), p. 6.
65. Asbestos Magazine, 1958, October 1958 (October 1, 1958), p. 8.
66. Asbestos Magazine, 1959, January 1959 (January 1, 1959), p. 18.
67. Minerals Yearbook: Asbestos Chapters, 1959 (January 1, 1960), pp. 6, 10.
68. Asbestos Magazine, 1960, April 1960 (April 1, 1960), p. 28.
69. Minerals Yearbook: Asbestos Chapters, 1960 (January 1, 1961), p. 7.
70. Asbestos Magazine, 1961, July 1961 (July 1, 1961), p. 14.
71. Minerals Yearbook: Asbestos Chapters, 1961 (January 1, 1962), p. 8.
72. Asbestos Magazine, 1965, December 1965 (December 1, 1965), p. 3.
73. Minerals Yearbook: Asbestos Chapters, 1965 (January 1, 1966), p. 8.
74. Asbestos Magazine, 1966, April 1966 (April 1, 1966), p. 17.
75. Minerals Yearbook: Asbestos Chapters, 1969 (January 1, 1970), p. 8.
76. Minerals Yearbook: Asbestos Chapters, 1971 (January 1, 1972), p. 9.
77. Asbestos Magazine, 1973, June 1973 (June 1, 1973), p. 34.
78. Asbestos Magazine, 1976, December 1976 (December 1, 1976), p. 31.
79. Asbestos Magazine, 1977, January 1977 (January 1, 1977), p. 9.
80. Minerals Yearbook: Asbestos Chapters, 1976 (January 1, 1977), p. 9.
81. Minerals Yearbook: Asbestos Chapters, 1977 (January 1, 1978), p. 9.
82. Asbestos Magazine, 1979, December 1979 (December 1, 1979), p. 31.
83. Minerals Yearbook: Asbestos Chapters, 2018 (January 1, 2019), p. 3.