Logan v. Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. (M.D.N.C., Nov. 7, 2014, as to The William Powell)

Our plain-English summary of Logan v. Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. (U.S. District Court, Middle District of North Carolina, November 7, 2014).

Joseph Logan, as personal representative of the estate of Ralph Logan, and Lois Logan sued several companies, including The William Powell Company, after Mr. Logan developed mesothelioma and died. He had worked thirty years as a maintenance supervisor at a Getty Oil refinery, where asbestos-containing gaskets, packing and insulation were regularly replaced on equipment. Powell sold valves, some containing asbestos, and about ten percent of the refinery's roughly 100,000 valves were said to be Powell's. The plaintiffs relied on a former co-worker's testimony that Mr. Logan would have been around if Powell valves were being repaired, but he described such repairs as infrequent and identified no specific instance. The court applied North Carolina's requirement that a plaintiff prove actual exposure to the defendant's product, and the Fourth Circuit's frequency, regularity and proximity test. It found the evidence speculative and weaker than in Jones v. Owens-Corning. It declined to adopt a relaxed test for mesothelioma and granted Powell summary judgment.

We wrote this summary from the court's opinion with the help of AI. It is not the court's wording, and it is not legal advice. The full opinion is below.

The decision

• Court: U.S. District Court, Middle District of North Carolina
• Decided: November 7, 2014
• Docket: No. 1:12-CV-1353
• Stage: Summary judgment
• State: North Carolina

Outcome. The court granted The William Powell Company's motion for summary judgment against the estate and wife of Ralph Logan because the plaintiffs did not show he was actually exposed to asbestos from a Powell valve.

What the court held. Under North Carolina law (Wilder), a plaintiff must first prove actual exposure to the defendant's product, and the Lohrmann frequency, regularity and proximity test cannot be relaxed so as to dispense with that proof, even in a mesothelioma case.

Issues decided: Causation, Choice of Law, Product Identification.

The people and their exposure

• Ralph Logan: mesothelioma; died

Who	Work	Where	When	Products
Ralph Logan	maintenance supervisor (refineries and petrochemical plants)	Getty Oil refinery, Delaware	1956-1986	gaskets and packing, pipe and block insulation, Powell valves, Pacific pumps and valves, Ingersoll-Rand pumps and compressors, Crane valves

The defendants

• The William Powell Company (manufacturer)
• Air Products and Chemicals, Inc.
• Foster Wheeler Energy Corporation

Other decisions in this case

Other rulings from the same court in the same case, in our library:

• Logan v. Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. (August 7, 2014). The court denied summary judgment to Air Products (as successor to Catalytic), Crane Company and Ingersoll-Rand, and granted Air Products' separate motion on claims against it individually, dismissing those claims with prejudice.
• Logan v. Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. (November 7, 2014). The court granted summary judgment to Foster Wheeler Energy Corporation, ruling against the plaintiffs, the Logan estate and Lois Logan, for lack of evidence of exposure to a Foster Wheeler asbestos product or of a duty to warn.

Decisions this opinion cites

Earlier decisions in our library that the court cited:

• Ford Motor Co. v. Boomer (Virginia Supreme Court, 2013). The Supreme Court of Virginia reversed the jury verdict and judgment for the estate against Ford and Honeywell (Bendix) because of the "substantial contributing factor" jury instructions, and remanded for further proceedings under a multiple-sufficient-causes standard.
• Wilder v. Amatex Corp. (North Carolina Supreme Court, 1985). The North Carolina Supreme Court reversed the summary judgments for Owens-Corning and for the other defendant appellees, ruling for plaintiff J.W. Wilder against Owens-Corning, Eagle-Picher, Pittsburgh Corning, Celotex, Keene and Starr-Davis.
• Tragarz v. Keene Corp. (U.S. Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit, 1992). The Seventh Circuit affirmed the $3,000,000 judgment for Grace Tragarz against Keene and Owens-Corning Fiberglas, but reversed the denial of Keene's request to file a contribution cross-claim against OCF and remanded for proceedings between the two defendants.
• Lohrmann v. Pittsburgh Corning Corp. (U.S. Court of Appeals, Fourth Circuit, 1986). The Fourth Circuit affirmed the judgment for the defendants: directed verdicts for Raymark, Celotex and Pittsburgh Corning, a jury verdict for the other four defendants, and the challenged evidentiary rulings and jury instructions, against plaintiff Lohrmann.

The court's opinion

The text below is Google Scholar's copy of the court's opinion, a public record. Numbers in brackets, such as [*921], mark where each page of the printed reporter begins.

JOSEPH LOGAN, Personal Representative of the Estate of Ralph Logan, Deceased, and Lois

Logan, Plaintiffs,

v.

AIR PRODUCTS AND CHEMICALS, INC., etal., Defendants.

No. 1:12-CV-1353.

November 7, 2014.

United States District Court, M.D. North Carolina.

MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER AS TO DEFENDANT THE WILLIAM

POWELL COMPANY

CATHERINE C. EAGLES, District Judge.

Ralph Logan, the plaintiffs' decedent, worked at a Getty Oil refinery for thirty years where he was exposed to asbestos on a regular basis. The defendant, The William Powell Company, sold valves used at the refinery. Mr. Logan developed mesothelioma, a cancer caused by exposure to asbestos, which later caused his death. His estate and wife have sued several entities, contending that their products and conduct caused Mr. Logan's mesothelioma. Defendant William Powell has moved for summary judgment.[1] Because the plaintiffs have not offered sufficient evidence to prove that Mr. Logan was actually exposed to asbestos from a William Powell product, the Court will grant the motion.

Background

The facts as stated are either undisputed or viewed in the light most favorable to the plaintiffs, the non-moving party.[2] Almost all relevant evidence comes from the testimony of Louis Pederson, Mr. Logan's former co-worker.

Mr. Logan worked as a maintenance supervisor at a Getty Oil refinery in Delaware from 1956 to 1986. (Doc. 127-1 at 11-12, 15.) The refinery covered 5,000 acres and included 980 miles of piping. (Doc. 127-1 at 170.) All asbestos-containing equipment was outside. (Doc. 127-1 at 171.)

Many types of equipment at the refinery contained asbestos, and maintenance on this equipment would often involve removing and replacing asbestos-containing components. (See, e.g., Doc. 127-1 at 22-26, 30-32, 35-41, 46-49, 62-66.) For example, some equipment that stored and carried liquids contained asbestos-containing gasketing material because it "did a good job of. . . sealing any leaks off." (Doc. 127-1 at 22-24.) If a pump or valve had a leak, workers would shut down the equipment, open the pump or valve, and replace the asbestos-containing components. (Doc. 127-1 at 22-23.) Workers would scrape the equipment to remove the old gasketing material, creating asbestos dust. (See Doc. 127-1 at 24-26, 31-32.) During the later cleanup process, asbestos dust was "hard to avoid" and would get on employees' clothes, shoes, and hands. (Doc. 127-1 at 38.)

Mr. Logan's responsibilities as maintenance supervisor required him to be present when workers opened and serviced equipment and valves and replaced asbestos-containing gasketing material, insulation, and packing. (Doc. 127-1 at 15-19, 22-28, 35-48.) This maintenance work occurred on a "daily basis," (Doc. 127-1 at 39), and Mr. Logan would "be right there" when workers serviced equipment to check for damage and estimate how long maintenance would take. (Doc. 127-1 at 17-18.) Early in the refinery's operation, Mr. Logan would do "hands-on work" himself and was generally "into everything." (Doc. 127-1 at 15.) During big shutdowns of the refinery, Mr. Logan would handle small parts like gaskets and valves and carry them to job sites. (Doc. 127-1 at 28-29.)

Mr. Pederson personally observed Mr. Logan supervise workers removing asbestos-containing components on many types of equipment, including Pacific pumps and valves, (Doc. 127-1 at 27-28, 74), Ingersoll-Rand pumps and compressors, (Doc.

127-1 at 46-47, 102), and Crane valves. (Doc. 127-1 at 62-65.) He also saw the dusty environment created by this work. (Doc. 127-1 at 27-28, 47, 66, 75-77, 102-03.)

William Powell made valves, some of which contained asbestos. (See Doc. 127-1 at 53, 81-84; Doc. 144-9 at 30-32, 79-82.) William Powell also sold asbestos-containing gaskets and packing as replacement parts for its valves. (See Doc. 144-9 at 43-45.) There were approximately 100,000 valves installed at the Getty refinery. (Doc. 127-1 at 61, 286-87.) While most valves were made by other manufacturers, roughly ten percent were Powell valves.[3] (Doc. 127-1 at 81-82.) Mr. Pederson could not say whether Powell valves were originally installed at the refinery. (Doc. 127-1 at 82.) When asked whether he recalled a specific instance of Mr. Logan supervising the repair of a Powell valve, Mr. Pederson said that "if [Powell] valves were being repaired, . . . [Mr. Logan] would have been around," (Doc. 127-1 at 320-21), but that such repair was "infrequent." (Doc. 127-1 at 82.) Similarly, when asked if Mr. Logan was personally present to breathe the dust created by work on Powell valves, Mr. Pederson responded, "If he was working there, yes, he would be around it." (Doc. 127-1 at 83-84.)

Overview of Issues

The plaintiffs assert the following causes of action arising from Mr. Logan's alleged exposure to asbestos-containing valves made by William Powell: negligence, gross negligence, wrongful death, loss of consortium, breach of implied warranty, fraud, and failure to warn. (Doc. 73.) William Powell has moved for summary judgment. (Doc. 133.)

Summary judgment is appropriate when there is no genuine issue of material fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 247 (1986). The movant has the initial burden to show the absence of a genuine issue of material fact. Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 325 (1986). Once the movant satisfies its burden, the burden shifts to the non-movant to produce admissible evidence from which the fact-finder might return a verdict in his favor. Anderson, 477 U.S. at 257.

William Powell challenges the plaintiffs' evidence of exposure and causation as to all causes of action. In cases arising under North Carolina law, a plaintiff who develops asbestosis allegedly as a result of exposure to asbestos "must demonstrate that he was actually exposed to the alleged offending products." Wilder v. Amatex Corp., 314 N.C. 550, 553-54, 336 S.E.2d 66, 68 (1985). It is not enough to show that a defendant's products were on site. Id. at 554, 336 S.E.2d at 68. Neither party has suggested that this rule would not apply in a case where the plaintiff or her decedent developed mesothelioma as a result of exposure to asbestos.

The Fourth Circuit has held that the plaintiff in an asbestosis case "must present `evidence of exposure to a specific product on a regular basis over some extended period of time in proximity to where the plaintiff actually worked.'" Jones v. Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corp. & Amchem Prods., Inc., 69 F.3d 712, 716 (4th Cir. 1995) (quoting and applying Lohrmann v. Pittsburgh Corning Corp., 782 F.2d 1156, 1162-63 (4th Cir. 1986), to North Carolina case). This is known as the "Lohrmann test" or the "frequency, regularity, and proximity test," and courts have applied it routinely for many years to evaluate proximate cause in asbestos cases arising under North Carolina law.[4] The plaintiffs contend that they meet the Lohrmann test and, in the alternative, that they meet a "relaxed Lohrmann test" applicable because Mr. Logan had mesothelioma, not asbestosis. (Doc. 144 at 9-12.)

Analysis

The plaintiffs have presented no testimony or evidence from anyone who personally witnessed Mr. Logan working on or near any Powell valves. The plaintiffs contend that they have proffered sufficient circumstantial evidence, all from Mr. Pederson's testimony, from which the fact-finder can infer that Mr. Logan was exposed to asbestos from Powell valves. (Doc. 144 at 12.) Mr. Pederson's testimony establishes that many Powell valves were located throughout the refinery, that Powell valves made up a small portion of the valves used at the refinery, (Doc. 127-1 at 81-82), and that Mr. Logan's responsibilities generally required him to be present when workers serviced Powell valves. (Doc. 127-1 at 17-25.) Mr. Pederson testified that Mr. Logan "would have" been around whenever refinery employees serviced equipment containing Powell valves, (Doc. 127-1 at 320-21), but that such repair was "infrequent." (Doc. 127-1 at 82.)

This evidence is insufficient to prove actual exposure under Wilder. See Wilder, 314 N.C. at 553-54, 336 S.E.2d at 68 (" [P]laintiff's evidence must demonstrate that he was actually exposed to the alleged offending products."). Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the plaintiffs, the fact-finder could do no more than speculate that Mr. Logan was exposed to asbestos from Powell valves. See Lee v. Stevens, 251 N.C. 429, 433-34, 111 S.E.2d 623, 626-27 (1959) (concluding that the plaintiff's evidence of proximate cause rested on speculation and was insufficient to create a jury question); Gibson v. Ussery, 196 N.C. App. 140, 143-44, 675 S.E.2d 666, 668-69 (2009) (same).

The plaintiffs maintain that Mr. Pederson testified to personally observing Mr. Logan around workers replacing Powell valves and that Mr. Logan would breathe the dust created. (Doc. 144 at 3, 10.) However, a review of the deposition testimony cited shows that the plaintiffs have overstated Mr. Pederson's testimony. Mr. Pederson said he "could have" observed Mr. Logan around workers repairing Powell valves, but could not identify any specific instances. (Doc. 127-1 at 82.) And Mr. Pederson said "if" Mr. Logan was present during repair work, he "would" be around the dust created. (Doc. 127-1 at 84.) This cannot be read as testimony that Mr. Pederson personally observed Mr. Logan around workers replacing Powell valves or that the Powell valves at the refinery contained asbestos.

The plaintiffs next rely on Jones to support their contention that their circumstantial evidence of Mr. Logan's asbestos exposure from Powell valves is sufficient to defeat William Powell's motion. (Doc. 144 at 9-10.) The evidence in Jones was much stronger than that presented here by the plaintiffs. In Jones, two co-workers testified that: (1) they worked with the plaintiffs for more than twenty years; (2) "during that time, they were all exposed to, and inhaled, asbestos dust on a daily basis"; and (3) they worked with the plaintiffs with and around the defendant's asbestos-containing products on a regular basis. Jones, 69 F.3d at 716. The defendant did not dispute this evidence, and the Fourth Circuit found it sufficient to establish that the plaintiffs were exposed to asbestos from the defendant's products. See id. at 718. Contrary to the plaintiffs' evidence here, the Jones plaintiffs presented eyewitness testimony of regular exposure to the defendant's asbestos products. Here, the evidence is circumstantial, indirect, and weak: Mr. Pederson did not usually work directly with Mr. Logan, [5] Mr. Logan "would" have been around asbestos dust "if" he was present, and Mr. Logan's work around Powell valves was "infrequent." Even when taken together with the plaintiffs' evidence of Mr. Logan's general job duties and the large number of Powell valves on site, this is insufficient to draw an inference of exposure from Powell valves.

The plaintiffs contend that because Mr. Logan developed mesothelioma, and not asbestosis, the Court should apply a "relaxed Lohrmann" test.[6] (Doc. 144 at 11-12.) The Court need not address this contention because such a relaxed test would arguably apply only to the causation question, and the plaintiffs have not proven probable exposure as a precursor to the causation question. See Tragarz v. Keene Corp., 980 F.2d 411, 420-21 (7th Cir. 1992) (indicating that plaintiffs who fail to first prove probable exposure necessarily fail to prove that exposure was a proximate cause of the resulting disease). There may be cases in which the evidence of frequency, duration, and proximity will be sufficient to support an inference of causation in a mesothelioma case, but insufficient in an asbestosis case. See Wehmeier v. UNR Indus., Inc., 572 N.E.2d 320, 337 (Ill. App. Ct. 1991) (noting the different amounts of exposure required for the two diseases and establishing a case-by-case approach). But Wilder makes clear that the first question is whether the plaintiff can prove actual exposure. See Wilder, 314 N.C. at 553-54, 336 S.E.2d at 68. As noted supra, the circumstantial evidence against William Powell is insufficient to prove by the greater weight of the evidence anything beyond the fact that there were William Powell valves on site and anything beyond Mr. Logan's casual or minimal contact with the valves. See Jones, 69 F.3d at 716. The Lohrmann test cannot be modified to such an extent that the plaintiffs do not have to prove actual exposure to asbestos from the defendant's product; that would be inconsistent with Wilder, a North Carolina Supreme Court case almost directly on point. For these reasons, it is ORDERED that the motion for summary judgment by the defendant The William Powell Company, (Doc. 133), is GRANTED.

[1] The Court previously granted several defendants' uncontested motions for summary judgment and denied several other defendants' motions for summary judgment. (See Docs. 156, 158, 160, 161, 165.) The Court held open summary judgment motions as to William Powell and another defendant, Foster Wheeler Energy Corporation, for the parties to file supplemental briefing. (Doc. 162.) [2] Docket references for non-deposition evidence are to the docket number and page number appended by the CM-ECF system. For deposition evidence, page numbers refer to the actual page numbers of the deposition transcript.

[3] Mr. Pederson offered a "guesstimate" that ten percent of the valves at the refinery were Powell valves. (Doc. 127-1 at 316-17.) As a "guesstimate," this testimony is insufficient to establish that, in fact, exactly ten percent of the valves were Powell valves. However, given

Mr. Pederson's testimony that there were 100,000 valves on site, his "guesstimate" that ten percent were Powell valves is sufficient to support a finding that there was a large number of Powell valves at the refinery.

[4] See, e.g., Haislip v. Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corp., 86 F.3d 1150, at [*2] (4th Cir. 1996) (per curiam) (unpublished) (applying Lohrmann to North Carolina case involving a plaintiff with mesothelioma); Yates v. Air & Liquid Sys. Corp., No. 5:12-cv-752-FL, 2014 WL 4923603, at [*22]-23 (E.D.N.C. Sept. 30, 2014) (applying "the Jones/Lohrmann test" to North Carolina case involving a plaintiff with mesothelioma); see also Jandreau v. Alfa Laval USA, Inc., No. 2:09-91859-ER, 2012 WL 2913776, at [*1] n.1 (E.D. Pa. May 1, 2012) (applying Lohrmann to North Carolina case involving a plaintiff with mesothelioma and predicting that the North Carolina Supreme Court would adopt the Lohrmann test).

[5] Mr. Pederson and Mr. Logan worked on the same team for only one year, but saw each other daily for roughly nine years when Mr. Logan supervised an area that included the unit Mr. Pederson supervised. (Doc. 127-1 at 168, 173.) Otherwise, Mr. Pederson often observed Mr. Logan during shutdowns as part of training new employees or because he was just "interested in what was going on" during shutdowns. (Doc. 127-1 at 173-74.) In any event, this working arrangement does not approach the closeness and duration of that between the Jones plaintiffs and their witnesses. See Jones, 69 F.3d at 716.

[6] See Mullis v. Armstrong Int'l, Inc., No. 2:12-60155-ER, 2013 WL 5548838, at [*1] n.1 (E.D. Pa. Aug. 20, 2013) (collecting cases applying a "modified or adjusted" Lohrmann test in mesothelioma cases and rejecting them as inconsistent with a prediction that the North Carolina Supreme Court would adopt the Lohrmann test); see also Ford Motor Co. v. Boomer, 736 S.E.2d 724, 728-33 (Va. 2013) (rejecting the "substantial factor" test in Lohrmann under Virginia law in mesothelioma case).

Sources

• The opinion on Google Scholar
• North Carolina asbestos laws
• North Carolina asbestos exposure sites