Roussell v. Huntington Ingalls, Inc. (2020)

Our plain-English summary of Roussell v. Huntington Ingalls, Inc. (U.S. District Court, Eastern District of Louisiana, December 17, 2020).

Marsha Roussell sued in Louisiana state court after being diagnosed with malignant mesothelioma in November 2019. She alleged secondhand asbestos exposure from her father, who worked at Avondale Shipyard in 1957 and 1958. She later amended her petition to add exposure from her uncle, Tracy Theriot, and to add his employer Hopeman Brothers, a subcontractor that installed asbestos-containing wallboard on vessels at Avondale. Huntington Ingalls and Lamorak (the Avondale Interests) removed the case to federal court under the federal-officer removal statute, asserting government contractor immunity. Roussell moved to remand, arguing they could not identify a single federal vessel her uncle worked on. The court denied remand. It found that the only vessels Hopeman worked on at Avondale right after her uncle moved to Hopeman in November 1960 were three vessels built under a federal Maritime Administration contract. The defendants offered evidence that these vessels were built to government-approved specifications requiring asbestos. That made the defense plausible, which is enough for removal. The court did not decide whether Hopeman had its own basis for removal.

We wrote this summary from the court's opinion with the help of AI. It is not the court's wording, and it is not legal advice. The full opinion is below.

The decision

• Court: U.S. District Court, Eastern District of Louisiana
• Decided: December 17, 2020
• Docket: Civil Action No. 20-2857
• Stage: Jurisdiction, venue or removal
• State: Louisiana

Outcome. The district court denied plaintiff Marsha Roussell's motion to remand, holding that the Avondale Interests (Huntington Ingalls and Lamorak) properly removed the case under the federal-officer statute, so the case stays in federal court.

What the court held. A defendant seeking federal-officer removal under 28 U.S.C. § 1442(a)(1) need only show a colorable (plausible) federal defense, such as Boyle government contractor immunity, and that defense can rest on work on government-contract vessels built under federal specifications requiring asbestos.

Issues decided: Government Contractor Defense and Removal, Maritime Law and Navy Ships, Venue, Removal and Transfer.

The people and their exposure

• Marsha T. Roussell (family member): mesothelioma

Who	Work	Where	When	Products
Marsha T. Roussell	worker at Avondale Shipyard (her father, Asward P. Theriot) (shipyards and maritime work); dust brought home	Avondale Shipyard, Louisiana	1957-1958
Marsha T. Roussell	worker (her uncle, Tracy Theriot) (shipyards and maritime work); dust brought home	Avondale Shipyard, Louisiana	1943-1945, 1955-1960 at Avondale; after Nov. 3, 1960 at Hopeman	asbestos-containing wallboard

The defendants

• Huntington Ingalls Incorporated (premises owner)
• Lamorak Insurance Company (insurer)
• Hopeman Brothers, Inc. (contractor)
• Liberty Mutual Insurance Company (insurer)

Other decisions in this case

Other rulings from the same court in the same case, in our library:

• Roussell v. Huntington Ingalls, Inc. (January 12, 2022). The district court denied plaintiff Roussell's motion to dismiss Avondale's federal contractor defense and to remand to state court, so Avondale kept the federal forum.
• Roussell v. Huntington Ingalls, Inc. (February 25, 2022). The court granted summary judgment to General Electric and Foster Wheeler because Roussell did not oppose the motions, and dismissed her claims against them with prejudice.
• Roussell v. Huntington Ingalls, Inc. (March 14, 2022). The court granted Westinghouse's motion for summary judgment and dismissed Marsha Roussell's claim against it with prejudice, because she offered no evidence of exposure to Westinghouse-related asbestos.

Decisions this opinion cites

Earlier decisions in our library that the court cited:

• Latiolais v. Huntington Ingalls, Incorporated (U.S. Court of Appeals, Fifth Circuit, 2020). The en banc Fifth Circuit vacated the district court's order remanding the case to state court and remanded for further proceedings in federal court, ruling for Avondale (Huntington Ingalls) and against Latiolais on removal.
• Morgan v. Huntington Ingalls, Incorporated (U.S. Court of Appeals, Fifth Circuit, 2018). The Fifth Circuit vacated the district court's remand order, holding Huntington Ingalls (Avondale) removed on time, and remanded for the district court to decide the federal officer requirements; it dismissed Murphy Oil's appeal for lack of standing.
• Savoie v. Huntington Ingalls, Incorporated (U.S. Court of Appeals, Fifth Circuit, 2016). The Fifth Circuit vacated the district court's order remanding the case to state court, holding the shipyard showed a causal nexus for the survival strict liability claims, and remanded for the district court to decide whether the shipyard has a colorable federal defense; the Savoie family lost on the remand ruling.

The court's opinion

The text below is Google Scholar's copy of the court's opinion, a public record. Numbers in brackets, such as [*921], mark where each page of the printed reporter begins.

MARSHA T. ROUSSELL,

v.

HUNTINGTON INGALLS, INC., etal.

Civil Action No. 20-2857.

December 17, 2020.

United States District Court, E.D. Louisiana.

ORDER & REASONS

BARRY W. ASHE, District Judge.

Before the Court is the motion of plaintiff Marsha T. Roussell to remand.[1] Defendants Huntington Ingalls Incorporated and Lamorak Insurance Company ("the Avondale Interests")[2] and Hopeman Brothers, Inc. ("Hopeman")[3] oppose the motion. Roussell replies in further support of her motion.[4] And Hopeman files a surreply in further opposition.[5] Having considered the parties' memoranda, the record, and the applicable law, the Court issues this Order & Reasons denying the motion to remand.

I. BACKGROUND

This is a personal injury case arising from alleged exposure to asbestos. On November 21, 2019, Roussell was diagnosed with malignant mesothelioma.[6] Roussell alleges that her mesothelioma was caused by secondhand exposure to asbestos from her father, Asward P. Theriot, who worked at Avondale Shipyard in 1957 and 1958.[7] On May 26, 2020, she filed suit in state court against the Avondale Interests among other defendants.[8] Asward Theriot's job application showed that his brother (Roussell's uncle), Tracy Theriot, was already working for Avondale.[9] Employment records produced by Avondale revealed that Tracy Theriot worked at Avondale from September 20, 1943, through March 19, 1945, and, again, from October 21, 1955, through November 3, 1960, at which time he transferred to Hopeman.[10]

On September 30, 2020, Roussell amended her state-court petition for damages to expand her claim to include asbestos exposure from her uncle and to add his employer, Hopeman, as a defendant.[11] Hopeman was a subcontractor for Avondale that "sold and installed asbestos-containing wallboard in vessels under construction and repair at Avondale."[12] Roussell alleges that Hopeman "was negligent in conducting its operations, cutting and sawing asbestos wall board and generating large amounts of dust, without regard for workers and without warning those workers of the hazards of asbestos, including Tracy Theriot, plaintiff's uncle."[13] She alleges further that "[d]uring the years [Tracy Theriot] was employed by Avondale and Hopeman, he incurred daily substantial exposure to asbestos in the normal and routine course of his employment while working around vessels undergoing construction, maintenance, and repair at the shipyard."[14] On October 19, 2020, the Avondale Interests removed this case to federal court on the basis of federal-officer jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1442(a)(1) raising a Boyle government contractor immunity defense and a Yearsley derivative sovereign immunity defense.[15] The Avondale Interests assert that based on when Tracy Theriot is alleged to have worked at Hopeman he must have worked on federal ships — that is, vessels built pursuant to Avondale's contracts with the U.S. Maritime Administration ("MARAD").[16] On December 9, 2020, after Roussell filed this motion to remand and the Avondale Interests their opposition, Hopeman filed an opposition alleging its own basis for federal jurisdiction.[17]

II. PENDING MOTION

Roussell argues that the Avondale Interests cannot raise a colorable federal defense because they cannot identify a single federal vessel Tracy Theriot worked on as either an Avondale or Hopeman employee.[18] She alleges that she still does not know the vessels or shipyards her uncle worked on.[19] She argues that without this key information it is impossible for the Avondale Interests to raise a plausible federal defense.[20] The Avondale Interests respond that factual disputes should be dealt with on the merits of the defense, not as challenges to the existence of federal jurisdiction.[21] Relying on the Fifth Circuit's opinion in Latiolais, they argue that they have presented sufficient evidence to support a colorable Boyle defense. [22] In particular, they explain that the only vessels Hopeman worked on at Avondale during Tracy Theriot's employment were federal vessels, the Del Rio, Del Sol, and Del Oro.[23]

III. LAW & ANALYSIS

Section 1442(a)(1) makes removable a civil action commenced in a state court against "[t]he United States or any agency thereof or any officer (or any person acting under that officer) of the United States or of any agency thereof, in an official or individual capacity, for or relating to any act under color of such office." 28 U.S.C. § 1442(a)(1). The statute allows federal officers to remove to federal court cases "that ordinary federal question removal would not reach." Latiolais v. Huntington Ingalls, Inc., 951 F.3d 286, 290 (5th Cir. 2020). "In particular, section 1442(a) permits an officer to remove a case even if no federal question is raised in the well-pleaded complaint, so long as the officer asserts a federal defense in the response." Id. "[T]o remove under section 1442(a), a defendant must show (1) it has asserted a colorable federal defense, (2) it is a `person' within the meaning of the statute, (3) that has acted pursuant to a federal officer's directions, and (4) the charged conduct is connected or associated with an act pursuant to a federal officer's directions." Id. at 296. Courts are to give a broad interpretation to § 1442(a). Id. at 290-91. Thus, the question whether to remand cases removed under the statute is weighed "without a thumb on the remand side of the scale." Morgan, 879 F.3d at 607 (quoting Savoie v. Huntington Ingalls, Inc., 817 F.3d 457, 462 (5th Cir. 2016)).

After a 2011 amendment, "section 1442(a)(1) makes removable to federal court `a civil action ... that is against or directed to ... any person acting under a federal officer ... for or relating to any act under color of such office.'" Latiolais, 951 F.3d at 292 (quoting 28 U.S.C. § 1442(a)(1)) (emphasis added; alterations omitted). In Latiolais the Fifth Circuit recognized that the statute "plainly expresses that a civil action relating to an act under color of federal office may be removed (if the other statutory requirements are met)." Id. (emphasis in original). And the Supreme Court has recognized that "the ordinary meaning of the words `relating to' is a broad one — `to stand in some relation; to have bearing or concern; to pertain; refer; to bring into association with or connection with.'" Id. (quoting Morales v. Trans World Airlines, Inc., 504 U.S. 374, 383 (1992)) (brackets omitted).

To be colorable, the asserted federal defense need not be clearly sustainable, as section 1442 does not

require a federal official or person acting under him to win his case before he can have it removed. Instead, an asserted federal defense is colorable unless it is immaterial and made solely for the purpose of obtaining jurisdiction or wholly insubstantial and frivolous. Certainly, if a defense is plausible, it is colorable.

Id. at 296-97 (internal quotation marks and citations omitted).

In this case, the Avondale Interests raise the government contractor immunity defense under Boyle v. United Techs. Corp., 487 U.S. 500 (1988).[24] Under Boyle, the government contractor immunity defense applies "when (1) the United States approved reasonably precise specifications; (2) the equipment conformed to those specifications; and (3) the supplier warned the United States about the dangers in the use of the equipment that were known to the supplier but not to the United States." Id. at 512. The Avondale Interests relied on the same defense in Latiolais to successfully sustain their federal-officer removal. 951 F.3d at 297.

Applying these principles, the court in Latiolais found that Avondale raised a colorable Boyle defense where it provided an "affidavit and deposition testimony alleging that the Navy required installation of asbestos on [one of its vessels], as well as another affidavit alleging that the Navy generally required Avondale to install asbestos and to comply with certain related safety practices." Id. Further, the court viewed Avondale's evidence as supporting "that the federal government knew more than Avondale knew about asbestos-related hazards and related safety measures," and "[f]rom such evidence, it is colorable that Avondale did not omit warning the government about any dangers about which the government did not know."

Id. at 298. The Fifth Circuit concluded that this evidence demonstrated that "Avondale's assertion of a federal defense is not wholly insubstantial and frivolous." Id.

Roussell's uncle, Tracy Theriot, was employed with Hopeman after November 3, 1960.[25] Roussell alleges that during his employment with Hopeman "he incurred daily substantial exposure to asbestos in the normal and routine course of his employment while working around vessels undergoing construction, maintenance, and repair at the shipyard."[26] The Avondale Interests provide evidence that Hopeman worked on only three ships, the Del Rio, Del Sol, and Del Oro, at the Avondale shipyard during the earliest days of Tracy Theriot's employment with Hopeman.[27] They also provide evidence that each of these vessels was constructed in compliance with MARAD design C3-S-43a under a contract with the federal government.[28] While Latiolais involved a Navy vessel, its rationale applies with equal force to MARAD vessels where, as here, evidence has been submitted indicating that work on the MARAD vessels, including Hopeman's subcontract, proceeded under the direction of and pursuant to government-approved specifications requiring the use of asbestos, and the government knew about the risk of its use.[29] See, e.g., Becnel v. Lamorak Ins. Co., 2020 WL 5587666, at [*5] (E.D. La. Sept. 18, 2020) (holding that Boyle defense was colorable as to plaintiff's work on a MARAD vessel). As a result, the Avondale Interests "plausibly" show that federal vessels were under construction at the shipyard when Tracy Theriot worked there.[30] Latiolais, 951 F.3d at 297. This evidence, combined with Roussell's allegations, adequately shows that Tracy Theriot was at risk for exposure to asbestos through his work on one or more federal vessels and, consequently, presents a colorable Boyle defense and a proper basis for federal jurisdiction.

In her reply, Roussell attempts to assail this logic by identifying facts the Avondale Interests have not shown, but her effort falls short. Thus, while the duration of Tracy Theriot's employment may not be known at this time, Roussell does not dispute that her uncle did transfer to Hopeman on November 3, 1960, and worked there for some time.[31] Again, the allegation is that Tracy Theriot "incurred daily substantial exposure to asbestos in the normal and routine course of his employment while working around vessels undergoing construction, maintenance, and repair at the shipyard."[32] The Avondale Interests have shown that the only vessels Hopeman worked on during the period immediately after November 3, 1960, were MARAD vessels. Therefore, her uncle's exposure to asbestos at Avondale when working for Hopeman plausibly occurred on or near MARAD vessels.

Nothing in Bertrand Hopeman's deposition testimony contradicts this conclusion. His testimony, at the earliest, only relates to his work at Hopeman from 1964 on — after the time period in question.[33] Despite this, Roussell argues that Bertrand Hopeman's testimony shows that Hopeman might have been retrofitting other, presumably nonfederal, vessels during this time.[34] The testimony of Charles N. Johnson, Jr., however, corroborates a hull list that covered "every contract that Hopeman would have performed at Avondale" from 1960 to 1976.[35] This list confirms that at the beginning of Tracy Theriot's employment with Hopeman, only three vessels were in play, the Del Rio, Del Sol, and Del Oro. Roussell has not produced any evidence that Hopeman's work at Avondale was confined to nonfederal vessels during the relevant exposure period. The invoices for repair work by Hopeman in 1976 and 1977 do not reveal anything about the work Hopeman was doing circa 1960.[36] Even if Roussell's uncle was doing repair work in 1976 on nonfederal vessels, that does not change the fact that he was allegedly exposed to asbestos years earlier as a result of his work for Hopeman on MARAD vessels. Therefore, the case was properly removed to this Court.

IV. CONCLUSION

Accordingly, for the foregoing reasons,

IT IS ORDERED that the motion of plaintiff Marsha T. Roussell to remand (R. Doc. 15) is DENIED.

[1] R. Doc. 15. The motion to remand is the first time the plaintiff has been called "Martha T. Roussell." Since all of plaintiff's prior filings refer toher as "Marsha," the Court will continue to use this name absent corrective action on plaintiff's part.

[2] R. Doc. 30.

[3] R. Doc. 34.

[4] R. Doc. 40.

[5] R. Doc. 49.

[6] R. Doc. 1-2 at 2.

[7] Id.

[8] Id. at 1.

[9] R. Doc. 15-2 at 3.

[10] R. Docs. 15-1 at 5; 15-5 at 2.

[11] R. Doc. 1-3 at 3-5. Roussell also added Liberty Mutual Insurance Company as the insurer of the nowdefunct manufacturer of the asbestos-containing wallboard installed by Hopeman. Id. at 3-4.

[12] Id. at 3.

[13] Id.

[14] Id. at 4.

[15] R. Doc. 1 at 1, 4, 8. Removals under § 1442(a)(1) are subject to the time limits set forth in 28 U.S.C. § 1446(b). See Morgan v. Huntington Ingalls, Inc., 879 F.3d 602, 607 (5th Cir. 2018). Generally, a civil action must be removed within 30 days after the defendant receives a copy of the initial pleading "setting forth the claim for relief upon which such action or proceeding is based." 28 U.S.C.§ 1446(b) (1). However, if the case is not removable based on the initial pleading, "a notice of removal may be filed within 30 days after receipt by the defendant, through service or otherwise, of a copy of an amended pleading, motion, order or other paper from which it may first be ascertained that the case is one which is or has become removable." Id. § 1446(b)(3). "The information supporting removal in a copy of an amended pleading, motion, order or other paper ... must be unequivocally clear and certain to start the time limit running." Morgan, 879 F.3d at 608-09 (alteration, internal quotation marks, and citation omitted). In this case, the Avondale Interests removed within 30 days of Roussell's amended complaint, an "amended pleading" under § 1446(b)(3).

[16] R. Doc. 1 at 3-4.

[17] R. Doc. 34. The Fifth Circuit has held "that where a party removes a case to federal court pursuant to § 1442, a later-served defendant preserves its right to a federal forum under § 1442 by asserting the grounds for same in its answer filed after removal." Humphries v. Elliott Co., 760 F.3d 414, 417 (5th Cir. 2014). Nevertheless, because the Court holds that the Avondale Interests have properly and timely alleged federal subject-matter jurisdiction, the Court does not reach the merits of whether Hopeman has its own independent basis for federal-officer removal.

[18] R. Doc. 15-1 at 8-10.

[19] Id. at 6.

[20] Id. at 8-10.

[21] R. Doc. 30 at 9-11, 18-19.

[22] Id. at 11-16.

[23] Id. at 3-4.

[24] R. Doc. 1 at 8. The Avondale Interests also raise the derivative sovereign immunity defense under Yearsley v. W.A. Ross Constr. Co., 309 U.S. 18 (1940). R. Doc. 1 at 8. Because one federal defense is sufficient under § 1442(a)(1), it is unnecessary to analyze the Avondale Interests' Yearsley defense for purposes of federal-officer removal.

[25] R. Doc. 15-5 at 2.

[26] R. Doc. 1-3 at 4.

[27] R. Docs. 1-5; 30-2 at 6; 30-15; 30-16; 30-17; 30-18; see also R. Docs. 34-3; 34-4.

[28] R. Doc. 30-2 at 6; see also R. Doc. 34-6.

[29] R. Docs. 30 at 6-8, 12-16; 30-2 at 6-12, 14-16; 30-3; 30-4; 30-14 at 20-21; see also R. Docs. 34-6; 34-9. [30] R. Docs. 1 at 3-4; 15-6.

[31] This is evident from Roussell's submission of invoices from the 1976-1977 timeframe, R. Doc. 37-4, which would only be relevant if Theriot was still employed by Hopeman then.

[32] R. Doc. 1-3 at 4.

[33] R. Doc. 37-3 at 3.

[34] R. Doc. 37-2 at 2.

[35] R. Docs. 34-3 at 2-4; 34-4.

[36] R. Doc. 37-4.

Sources

• The opinion on Google Scholar
• Louisiana asbestos laws
• Louisiana asbestos exposure sites