Bondurant v. 3M Company (E.D. La., July 17, 2019)

Our plain-English summary of Bondurant v. 3M Company (U.S. District Court, Eastern District of Louisiana, July 17, 2019).

Terry Bondurant sued many companies in Louisiana state court. He alleged he developed mesothelioma from asbestos exposure while working as an electrician at refineries and chemical plants from 1964 to 1979. He also alleged exposure as a welder aboard the U.S.S. Ticonderoga during Navy service from 1965 to 1969. General Electric removed the case to federal court under the federal officer removal statute, and CBS Corporation (Westinghouse) joined. Both had supplied turbines to the Navy for that ship. Bondurant asked for the case to be sent back to state court. He pointed to a statement in his petition disclaiming any claim based on acts of federal officers. He also argued that the companies had not shown they acted under federal direction. The court denied the motion. It found the disclaimer was a general, boilerplate one that did not remove his strict liability claims. It found the companies had offered evidence of Navy specifications and of the government's superior knowledge of asbestos hazards. That evidence supported a colorable government contractor defense, federal direction and a link to his claims. Removal was therefore proper.

We wrote this summary from the court's opinion with the help of AI. It is not the court's wording, and it is not legal advice. The full opinion is below.

The decision

• Court: U.S. District Court, Eastern District of Louisiana
• Decided: July 17, 2019
• Docket: Civil Action No.: 19-10693
• Stage: Jurisdiction, venue or removal
• State: Louisiana

Outcome. The court denied Terry Bondurant's motion to remand, holding that General Electric and CBS Corporation (Westinghouse) properly removed the case under the federal officer removal statute.

What the court held. A boilerplate disclaimer of claims arising from federal officers' acts does not defeat federal officer removal where the plaintiff still brings strict liability claims and defendants show a colorable government contractor defense, federal direction and a causal nexus.

Issues decided: Government Contractor Defense and Removal, Maritime Law and Navy Ships, Venue, Removal and Transfer.

The people and their exposure

• Terry Bondurant: mesothelioma

Who	Work	Where	When	Products
Terry Bondurant	electrician (refineries and petrochemical plants)	various refineries and chemical plants	1964-1979
Terry Bondurant	welder (the Navy); military service	U.S.S. Ticonderoga	1965-1969	pipe and block insulation, asbestos-containing insulation associated with GE and Westinghouse turbines

The defendants

• General Electric Company (manufacturer)
• CBS Corporation (Westinghouse) (manufacturer)

Other decisions in this case

Other rulings from the same court in the same case, in our library:

• Bondurant v. 3M Company (August 15, 2019). The court granted Eastman Kodak Company's motion to dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction and dismissed plaintiff Terry Bondurant's claims against Kodak without prejudice, denying jurisdictional discovery.
• Bondurant v. 3M Company (October 7, 2019). The court granted Gould Electronics' motion to dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction, dismissing plaintiff Bondurant's claims against Gould without prejudice and denying jurisdictional discovery.

Decisions this opinion cites

Earlier decisions in our library that the court cited:

• Legendre v. Huntington Ingalls, Incorporated (U.S. Court of Appeals, Fifth Circuit, 2018). The Fifth Circuit affirmed the district court's order remanding the case to Louisiana state court, ruling that Huntington Ingalls (Avondale) failed to show the causal nexus needed for federal officer removal, so the Legendre brothers prevailed.
• Savoie v. Huntington Ingalls, Incorporated (U.S. Court of Appeals, Fifth Circuit, 2016). The Fifth Circuit vacated the district court's order remanding the case to state court, holding the shipyard showed a causal nexus for the survival strict liability claims, and remanded for the district court to decide whether the shipyard has a colorable federal defense; the Savoie family lost on the remand ruling.
• Uzee v. Huntington Ingalls Incorporated (U.S. District Court, Eastern District of Louisiana, 2018). The court granted the plaintiffs' motion to remand to state court, finding that Avondale (Huntington Ingalls) timely removed but failed to show the causal nexus required for federal officer removal.
• Boyd v. Boeing Co. (U.S. District Court, Eastern District of Louisiana, 2015). The district court denied the plaintiffs' motion to remand (and their alternative request to sever and remand the other claims), so Boeing and United Technologies kept the case in federal court under the federal officer removal statute.
• Najolia v. Northrop Grumman Ship Systems, Inc. (U.S. District Court, Eastern District of Louisiana, 2012). The court denied plaintiff Najolia's motion to remand, holding that General Electric and CBS Corporation (Westinghouse) properly removed the case under the federal officer removal statute.

The court's opinion

The text below is Google Scholar's copy of the court's opinion, a public record. Numbers in brackets, such as [*921], mark where each page of the printed reporter begins.

TERRY BONDURANT,

v.

3M COMPANY, ET AL., SECTION: "J"(5).

Civil Action No.: 19-10693.

July 17, 2019.

United States District Court, E.D. Louisiana.

Terry L Bondurant, Plaintiff, represented by Lindsey A. Cheek, Bridget B. Truxillo, Cheek Law Firm LLC & Jeanne Louise St. Romain, The Cheek Law Firm.

Eagle Inc. & McCarty Corporation, Defendants, represented by Susan Beth Kohn, Simon, Peragine, Smith & Redfearn, LLP, April Ann McQuillar, Simon, Peragine, Smith & Redfearn, LLP, Douglas Kinler, Simon, Peragine, Smith & Redfearn, LLP, James R. Guidry, Simon, Peragine, Smith & Redfearn, LLP, Janice M. Culotta, Simon, Peragine, Smith and Redfearn, LLP & Louis Oliver Oubre, Simon, Peragine, Smith & Redfearn, LLP.

Lamons Gasket Company, Defendant, represented by Kenan Slade Rand, Jr., Plauche, Maselli, Parkerson, LLP. Taylor-Seidenbach, Inc., Defendant, represented by Christopher Kelly Lightfoot, Hailey, McNamara, Hall, Larmann & Papale, LLP, Edward J. Lassus, Jr., Hailey, McNamara, Hall, Larmann & Papale, LLP & Richard J. Garvey, Jr., Hailey, McNamara, Hall, Larmann & Papale, LLP.

Eastman Kodak Company, Defendant, represented by Jonathan A. Wolfson, McGuire Woods, LLP, Juan Jose Miranda, Pugh, Accardo, Haas, Radecker & Carey & Lawrence G. Pugh, III, Pugh, Accardo, LLC.

General Electric Company & CBS Corporation, formerly known as Viacom, Inc. successor-by-merger with CBS Corporation, Defendants, represented by John Joseph Hainkel, III, Frilot L.L.C., Angela M. Bowlin, Frilot L.L.C., James H. Brown, Jr., Frilot L.L.C., Kelly L. Long, Frilot L.L.C., Kelsey A. Eagan, Frilot L.L.C., Lacey Taylor McCoy, Frilot L.L.C. & Magali Ann Puente-Martin, Frilot L.L.C.

Hercules, LLC, Individually and as successor-in-interest to Haveg Industries, Inc. successor-by-merger to Haveg Corporation formerly known as Hercules, Inc., Defendant, represented by Jeanette Seraile-Riggins, MGM The Law Firm. Hercules, LLC, Individually and as successor-in-interest to Haveg Industries, Inc. successor-by-merger to Haveg Corporation, Defendant, represented by Adam D. Whitworth, MG+M The Law Firm, Bradley Adam Hays, MGM The Law Firm, Brandie Mendoza Thibodeaux, MG + M The Law Firm, Christopher O. Massenburg, MGM The Law Firm, Glenn Lyle Maximilian Swetman, MG+M The Law Firm, Meghan B. Senter, MG+M The Law Firm, Michael D. Goggans, MG+M The Law Firm & Vikram S. Bhatia, MG+M The Law Firm.

Union Carbide Corporation, Defendant, represented by McGready Lewis Richeson, Pugh, Accardo, Haas, Radecker & Carey, David M. Stein, Pugh, Accardo, Haas, Radecker & Carey, Francis Xavier DeBlanc, III, Pugh, Accardo, Haas, Radecker & Carey & Kathleen Erin Jordan, Pugh, Accardo, Haas, Radecker & Carey.

Eaton Corporation, Individually and as successor-in-interest to Culter-Hammer, Inc., Defendant, represented by Jeanette Seraile-Riggins, MGM The Law Firm, Bradley Adam Hays, MGM The Law Firm, Christopher O. Massenburg, MGM The Law Firm, Meghan B. Senter, MG+M The Law Firm & Michael D. Goggans, MG+M The Law Firm.

Schneider Electric USA, Inc., Individually and as successor-in-interest to Square D Company, Defendant, represented by Stacey Leigh Strain, Hubbard, Mitchell, Williams & Strain, PLLC, Lauren B. Dietzen, Plauche, Maselli, Parkerson, LLP, Meredith R. Durham, Plauche, Maselli, Parkerson, LLP & Scott H. Mason, Plauche, Maselli, Parkerson, LLP. Texaco Inc, Defendant, represented by Tim D. Gray, Forman, Watkins & Krutz LLP, Chelsea Elizabeth Gaudin, Forman, Watkins & Krutz LLP, McCann Elizabeth LeFeve, Forman, Watkins & Krutz LLP, Melissa Desormeaux Fuller, Forman,

Watkins & Krutz LLP, Michael H. Abraham, Forman, Watkins & Krutz LLP & Michelle Miller Roy, Forman, Watkins & Krutz LLP.

Chevron U.S.A. Inc., Individually and as successor-in-interest to Cities Refining Corporation, Cities Services Oil Company, Citgo Petroleum Corporation and Oxy USA, Inc. formerly known as Gulf Oil Corporation, Defendant, represented by Tim D. Gray, Forman, Watkins & Krutz LLP.

Chevron U.S.A. Inc., Individually and as successor-in-interest to Cities Refining Corporation, Cities Services Oil Company, Citgo Petroleum Corporation and Oxy USA, Inc., Defendant, represented by Chelsea Elizabeth Gaudin, Forman, Watkins & Krutz LLP, McCann Elizabeth LeFeve, Forman, Watkins & Krutz LLP, Melissa Desormeaux Fuller, Forman, Watkins & Krutz LLP, Michael H. Abraham, Forman, Watkins & Krutz LLP & Michelle Miller Roy, Forman, Watkins & Krutz LLP. CanadianOxy Offshore Production Co., Defendant, represented by Jeffery D. Fruge, Spears & Gary, LLC & Kenneth Ray Spears, Spears & Gary, LLC.

Century Indemnity Company, as the liability insurer for Cities Service Oil Company and as successor to CCI Insurance Company, as successor to Insurance Company of North America and successor to Indemnity Insurance Company of North America, Defendant, represented by William Thomas McCall, Guillory & McCall, LLC & Drury B. Cunningham, Guillory & McCall, LLC.

Lamorak Insurance Company, erroneously referred to as OneBeacon Insurance Company, Defendant, represented by Samuel Milton Rosamond, III, Taylor, Wellons, Politz & Duhe, APLC, Adam Devlin DeMahy, Taylor, Wellons, Politz & Duhe, APLC & Travis Layne Simmons, Taylor, Wellons, Politz & Duhe, APLC.

Lamons Gasket Company, Third Party Plaintiff, represented by Kenan Slade Rand, Jr., Plauche, Maselli, Parkerson, LLP. ORDER & REASONS

CARL J. BARBIER, District Judge.

Before the Court is a Motion to Remand (Rec. Doc. 18) filed by Terry BonDurant ("Plaintiff") and oppositions thereto filed by Defendants General Electric Company ("GE") (Rec. Doc. 26) and CBS Corporation ("Westinghouse") (collectively, the "Defendants") (Rec. Doc. 27). Having considered the motion and legal memoranda, the record, and the applicable law, the Court finds that the motion should be DENIED.

FACTS AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

This litigation derives from personal injuries allegedly sustained as a result of exposure to asbestos. Plaintiff alleges that he contracted mesothelioma as a result of being exposed to asbestos in connection with his work as an electrician at various refineries and chemical plants between 1964 and 1979.[1] Plaintiff also worked as a welder aboard the U.S.S. Ticonderoga while serving in the U.S. Navy from 1965 to 1969.[2]

Plaintiff filed the instant suit against numerous defendants in state court, alleging that each of the named defendants "designed, tested, evaluated, manufactured, packaged, furnished, stored, handled, transported, installed, used, supplied and/or sold asbestos-containing products and equipment" to which Plaintiff was exposed.[3] Plaintiff brings Louisiana state law claims for negligence, strict liability, premises liability, and products liability.[4] Specifically as to GE and Westinghouse, Plaintiff brings failure to warn and design defect claims.[5] However, Plaintiff "specifically disclaims any cause of action" for any injuries caused by exposure on a federal enclave and by any act or omission of, or committed at the direction of, a federal officer.[6]

GE removed the action to this Court, asserting jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1442, the federal officer removal statute. GE contends that the Court has federal officer jurisdiction over the dispute because GE provided the Navy with the turbines used on the U.S.S. Ticonderoga and Plaintiff testified in his deposition that he "was exposed to asbestos-containing insulation associated with these turbines."[7] Westinghouse joined in GE's Notice of Removal and asserted it had independent grounds supporting federal officer removal, namely that it also provided the Navy with turbines for use aboard

the U.S.S. Ticonderoga.[8] The Defendants invoke the government contractor defense as the basis for removal.[9] Plaintiff then filed the instant motion to remand.

PARTIES' ARGUMENTS

Plaintiff contends that remand is appropriate because his original petition "disclaims any cause of action or recovery for any injuries resulting from any exposure to asbestos dust caused by any conduct, action, acts or omissions of any and all federal officers, or committed at the direction of an officer of the United States Government," and therefore the federal officer defense is immaterial and not relevant to his claims against GE.[10] Plaintiff further contends that GE has not established that it acted pursuant to a federal officer's direction or that a causal nexus exists between GE's Navy contract and his claims. Specifically, Plaintiff argues that GE has not shown either that the Navy prohibited warnings about asbestos or that GE attempted to provide warnings about asbestos, including by submitting proposed warnings to the Navy for inclusion in manuals, such that the decision not to warn was the Navy's and not GE's.[11]

The Defendants assert that Plaintiff's disclaimer is ineffective because the well-pleaded complaint rule does not apply to the federal officer removal statute.[12] GE additionally asserts that general jurisdictional waivers, which it contends Plaintiff's is, are not effective to preclude federal officer removal but concedes that specific claim disclaimers are.[13] Westinghouse maintains Plaintiff's claim for injury from asbestos exposure is "indivisible" and therefore his disclaimer is ineffective given that he admitted to being exposed to asbestos associated with Navy turbines.[14] Defendants further contend that Plaintiff fails to address the applicability of the federal officer removal statute to his design defect claims against them, which they assert satisfy all of the requirements for federal officer removal.[15]

DISCUSSION

"[F]ederal officer removal under 28 U.S.C. § 1442 is unlike other removal doctrines: it is not narrow or limited." Texas v. Kleinert, 855 F.3d 305, 311 (5th Cir. 2017). Although the principle of limited federal court jurisdiction ordinarily compels federal courts to resolve any doubt about removal in favor of remand, courts should analyze removal under § 1442(a)(1) "without a thumb on the remand side of the scale." Savoie v. Huntington Ingalls, Inc., 817 F.3d 457, 462 (5th Cir. 2016). Nevertheless, it remains "the defendant's burden to establish the existence of federal jurisdiction over the controversy." Winters v. Diamond Shamrock Chem. Co., 149 F.3d 387, 397 (5th Cir. 1998).

Section 1442 permits, in pertinent part, "any person acting under [an officer] of the United States or of any agency thereof" to remove a state suit to federal court if any of the plaintiff's claims are "for or relating to any act under color of such office." 28 U.S.C. § 1442(a)(1). To qualify for removal under § 1442(a)(1), a defendant must show: "(1) that it is a person within the meaning of the statute, (2) that it has a colorable federal defense, (3) that it acted pursuant to a federal officer's directions, and (4) that a causal nexus exists between its actions under color of federal office and the plaintiff's claims." Legendre v. Huntington Ingalls, Inc., 885 F.3d 398, 400 (5th Cir. 2018) (internal quotation marks, brackets, and citations omitted). A defense is "colorable" so long as it is not "immaterial and made solely for the purpose of obtaining jurisdiction" or "wholly insubstantial and frivolous." Zeringue v. Crane Co., 846 F.3d 785, 790 (5th Cir. 2017).

Even where the defendant can show that it acted pursuant to a federal officer's directions, removal will not be proper unless the defendant can also establish the requisite causal nexus between the defendant's actions under color of federal office and the plaintiff's claims. See Bartel v. Alcoa S.S. Co., 805 F.3d 169, 172-73 (5th Cir. 2015); see also Zeringue, 846 F.3d at 794 (noting that the causal nexus requirement functions to ensure a legitimate federal interest in a matter by limiting the universe of potentially removable claims to those where the specific acts or omissions upon which the plaintiff's claims are based were themselves performed under federal direction). In other words, the defendant must show that the federal government was directing the defendant's conduct and that the federally-directed conduct caused the plaintiff's injuries. See Savoie, 817 F.3d at 462 (citing Bartel, 805 F.3d at 172-74).

Thus, in cases involving asbestos exposure, where defendants were "free to adopt the safety measures the plaintiffs now allege would have prevented their injuries," remand is warranted, but where the plaintiff's claims "rested on the mere use of asbestos" at the direction of the federal government, removal is appropriate. Legendre, 885 F.3d at 401 (internal quotation marks, brackets, and citations omitted).

In Najolia v. Northrop Grumman Ship Sys., Inc., 883 F. Supp. 2d 646 (E.D. La. 2012), this Court found that remand was not warranted under facts similar to those presented here. Plaintiff was a machinist in the Navy from 1964 to 1968 and brought claims against numerous defendants, including GE and Westinghouse, for both failure to warn and design defect. Id. at 648-649. This Court found that GE and Westinghouse had a colorable federal defense—specifically, the government contractor defense set forth in Boyle v. United Techs. Corp., 487 U.S. 500, 512 (1988)—with respect to both claims because they "were required to comply with military specifications" in designing the turbines, and "the government's involvement in the decision of whether or not to give a warning [was sufficient to] state a government contractor defense." Id. at 657-58 (citing In re Air Disaster at Ramstein Air Base, Germany, on 8/29/90, 81 F.3d 570, 576 (5th Cir. 1996)).

With respect to the federal-direction element, while this Court found that GE and Westinghouse had established this element with respect to the design defect claim, it noted that "removal solely based on a failure-to-warn claim may be improper. . . where the contractor who built asbestos-containing equipment for the Navy does not submit evidence that the Navy required specific warnings. . . or that the Navy prohibited the contractor from. . . giv[ing] certain warnings." Id. at 656. Nevertheless, this Court found removal was appropriate because a causal nexus existed for the design defect claim. Id. at 659; see Savoie, 817 F.3d at 463 ("[R]emoval of the entire case is appropriate so long as a single claim satisfies the federal officer removal statute.").

The fact that distinguishes this case from Najolia is that Plaintiff here has attempted to exclude from his petition any claims to which the government contractor defense would apply. Thus, the Court must determine the effect of the disclaimer. As an initial matter, the Defendants' argument that the well-pleaded complaint rule does not apply to federal officer removal is inapposite. Federal officer removal "serves to overcome" the well-pleaded complaint rule to the extent that, under that rule, "`[a] defense that raises a federal question is inadequate to confer federal jurisdiction.'" Mesa v. California, 489 U.S. 121, 136-37 (1989) (alteration in original) (quoting Merrell Dow Pharm., Inc. v. Thompson, 478 U.S. 804, 808 (1986)). There is no dispute here that § 1442 allows for removal based on the assertion of a federal defense.

In Dempster v. Lamorak Ins. Co., No. 18-6158, 2019 WL 117657, at [*1] (E.D. La. Jan. 7, 2019), the plaintiff brought strict liability and negligence claims against various defendants; however, with respect to Avondale, plaintiff stated in his petition that he was "not alleging that Avondale and its executive officers are liable for the mere use of asbestos; rather, Avondale and its executive officers are liable for the misuse of asbestos, including but not limited to the failure to warn." The plaintiff also disputed that he was exposed to asbestos aboard a government vessel. Id. at [*13]. In finding that the defendants had not established the causal nexus element, the court noted that the "Defendants present[ed] no evidence that Plaintiff came into contact with asbestos aboard a government vessel." Id. The instant case is thus distinguishable because the Defendants have offered evidence that Plaintiff was exposed to asbestos aboard a government vessel,[16] and Plaintiff brings strict liability claims against the Defendants.

In Uzee v. Huntington Ingalls, Inc., No. 18-6856, 2018 WL 4579827, at [*4] (E.D. La. Sept. 25, 2018), the plaintiffs also expressly disclaimed any strict liability claims against Avondale. In granting plaintiffs' motion to remand, the court distinguished that case from cases where "a boilerplate disclaimer of all causes of action arising from the defendant's conduct caused by any act or omission committed at the direction of an officer of the U.S. government [was] insufficient to justify remand." Id. (citing Boyd v. Boeing Co., No. 15-0025, 2015 WL 4371928, at [*6] (E.D. La. July 14, 2015)). The court stated that "it is not that disclaimer, but Plaintiffs' separate disclaimer of all strict liability claims that is relevant here." Id.; see also Legendre v. Anco Insulations, Inc., No. 12-94-JJB-SCR, 2012 WL 2064537, at [*4] (M.D. La. May 14, 2012), report and recommendation adopted, 2012 WL 2064533 (M.D. La. June 7, 2012) (holding that the alleged disclaimer was "insufficient to defeat removal" where plaintiffs did not seek to dismiss strict liability claims before removal); cf. Sheppard v. Northrop Grumman Sys. Corp., No. 07-2208, 2007 WL 1550992, at [*7] (E.D. La. May 24, 2007) (finding remand appropriate where "Plaintiff has amended his petition to omit any strict liability claim").

Here, Plaintiff brings strict liability claims against the Defendants and has included only a "boilerplate" disclaimer in his petition. Uzee, 2018 WL 4579827, at [*4]. The Court finds this is insufficient to justify remand. See Boyd, 2015 WL 4371928, at [*5]-6.

The Court further finds that the Defendants have met the requirements for federal officer removal. Plaintiff concedes that GE is a "person" within the meaning of the statute,[17] and Westinghouse undoubtedly is as well. See Winters, 149 F.3d at 398 ("[C]orporate entities qualify as `persons' under § 1442(a)(1)." (citation omitted)).

The Defendants have a colorable federal defense under Boyle. To assert government contractor immunity, a defendant must show: "(1) the United States approved reasonably precise specifications; (2) the equipment conformed to those specifications; and (3) the supplier warned the United States about the dangers in the use of the equipment that were known to the supplier but not to the United States." Boyle, 487 U.S. at 512. Defendants have offered evidence that the Navy required them to comply with military specifications as to the design of turbines for use on the Ticonderoga, that conformance with those specifications was enforced by Navy officers, and that they had no ability to deviate from those specifications without Navy approval, thus satisfying the first two prongs.[18] See Zeringue, 846 F.3d at 791; see also Najolia, 883 F. Supp. 2d at 658 ("[I]t is too early to engage in an evidentiary challenge to whether the turbines conformed precisely to the Navy's specifications."). Defendants have also submitted evidence that the government possessed superior information regarding the health hazards associated with the use of asbestos than the Defendants at the relevant times, thus obviating any duty to warn.[19] See Zeringue, 846 F.3d at 791-92. This Court has previously found Dr. Betts's affidavit testimony sufficient to meet the third prong of the Boyle test for purposes of federal officer removal. See Najolia, 883 F. Supp. 2d at 658. Plaintiff's contention that GE has not established that it knew less than the Navy about the hazards of asbestos is unavailing, as the Court will not require a Defendant "to `win his case before he can have it removed.'" Zeringue, 846 F.3d at 790 (citation omitted); see also id. at 792 ("[D]efinitive proof is not necessary for removal, and the military specifications and affidavits do suffice as a not-insubstantial and non-frivolous basis upon which [the defendant] may assert government-contractor immunity.").

This evidence also establishes that the Defendants were acting pursuant to a federal officer's directions and that a causal nexus exists between their actions under color of federal office and Plaintiff's strict liability claims.[20] Defendants' "provision of parts in an effort to assist the Navy's construction of vessels satisfies the `acting under' requirement." Id. Further, Defendants' "relationship with [Plaintiff] derives. . . from [their] official authority to provide parts to the Navy, and that official authority relates to [their] allegedly improper actions," namely the provision of turbines that required the use of asbestos. Id. at 793-94. The fact that Plaintiff may also have been exposed to asbestos associated with GE and Westinghouse equipment outside of his time in the Navy does not render removal improper. See Savoie, 817 F.3d at 463.

Because Defendants have demonstrated (1) that they have a colorable federal defense, (2) that they acted under the direction of a federal officer, and (3) that there is a causal nexus between Plaintiff's claims and acts Defendants performed under color of federal office, removal was proper under § 1442(a)(1). Accordingly, and for all of the foregoing reasons, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that Plaintiff's Motion to Remand (Rec. Doc. 18) is DENIED.

[1] (Rec. Doc. 1-4, at 4).

[2] (Rec. Doc. 18-3, at 4-6).

[3] (Rec. Doc. 1-4, at 4-5).

[4] Id. at 5-12.

[5] Id. at 5-9.

[6] Id. at 4.

[7] (Rec. Doc. 1, at 3).

[8] (Rec. Doc. 4, at 3).

[9] (Rec. Doc. 1, at 11; Rec Doc. 4, at 7).

[10] (Rec. Doc. 18-1, at 6).

[11] Id. at 9-10.

[12] (Rec. Doc. 26, at 5-6; Rec. Doc. 27, at 8).

[13] (Rec. Doc. 26, at 6-8).

[14] (Rec. Doc. 27, at 9).

[15] (Rec. Doc. 26, at 9-11; Rec. Doc. 27, at 11-18).

[16] (Rec. Doc. 1-5, at 3-4, 7-11).

[17] (Rec. Doc. 18-1, at 7).

[18] (Rec. Doc. 1-6, at 2-6; Rec. Doc. 1-7, at 2; Rec. Doc. 1-8, at 2; Rec. Doc. 4-3, at 7-8; Rec. Doc. 4-4, at 2-3; Rec. Doc. 4-5, at 2-3). [19] (Rec. Doc. 1-12, at 29-30).

[20] Because the Court concludes that the strict liability claims support federal officer removal, the Court need not decide whether the failure to warn claims also support removal. See Savoie, 817 F.3d at 463.

Sources

• The opinion on Google Scholar
• Louisiana asbestos laws
• Louisiana asbestos exposure sites