Mosher v. Air & Liquid Systems Corp. (In re Asbestos Litigation, 2019)

Our plain-English summary of In re Asbestos Litigation (U.S. District Court, District of Delaware, November 20, 2019).

Kent Mosher and his wife Cathy sued several companies, alleging he developed mesothelioma, diagnosed in December 2017, from asbestos exposure during Navy service as a boiler technician and later work at the Henderson Mine. The case was removed to federal court in Delaware. Air & Liquid Systems, successor to Buffalo Pumps, moved for summary judgment. Mr. Mosher served on the USS Truett from 1974, repairing pumps, valves and boilers and replacing gaskets and packing. He identified one Buffalo fire pump aboard, but said his work on it was limited to turning its motor on and off, he did not repack it, and he did not see others work on it. The magistrate judge applied maritime law's substantial factor test and found this minimal exposure insufficient. The medical expert's general opinion on cumulative exposure, and Navy and manufacturer manuals for other pumps or earlier years, did not fill the gap. The judge recommended granting summary judgment and did not reach punitive damages.

We wrote this summary from the court's opinion with the help of AI. It is not the court's wording, and it is not legal advice. The full opinion is below.

The decision

• Court: U.S. District Court, District of Delaware
• Decided: November 20, 2019
• Docket: Civil Action No. 18-410-LPS-SRF
• Stage: Summary judgment
• State: Delaware

Outcome. The magistrate judge recommended granting Air & Liquid Systems Corporation's (successor to Buffalo Pumps) motion for summary judgment against plaintiffs Kent and Cathy Mosher because the evidence did not show its pump was a substantial factor in causing his mesothelioma.

What the court held. Under maritime law, a plaintiff must show exposure to the defendant's product and that it was a substantial factor in causing the injury; minimal exposure or the mere presence of a product aboard a ship is insufficient.

Issues decided: Causation, Maritime Law and Navy Ships, Product Identification, Punitive Damages.

The people and their exposure

• Kent E. Mosher: mesothelioma

Who	Work	Where	When	Products
Kent E. Mosher	boiler technician in the fire room (the Navy); military service	USS Truett	1974-1977	gaskets and packing, Buffalo fire pump (Buffalo Pumps)
Kent E. Mosher	civilian employment at Henderson Mine	Henderson Mine

The defendants

• Air & Liquid Systems Corporation, as successor by merger to Buffalo Pumps, Inc. (manufacturer)
• ABB, Inc., as successor to ITE Circuit Breakers, Inc. (manufacturer)
• Crane Co. (manufacturer)
• Union Carbide Corporation (manufacturer)
• Warren Pumps, LLC (manufacturer)

Other decisions in this case

Other rulings from the same court in the same case, in our library:

• Mosher v. ABB (In re Asbestos Litigation) (November 19, 2019). The magistrate judge recommended granting summary judgment to all ten defendants (ABB, Aurora Pump, Crosby Valve, FMC, Gardner Denver, Gould Electronics, Pfizer, Siemens, Union Carbide and Warren Pumps) against plaintiffs Kent and Cathy Mosher, who did not respond to the motions.

Decisions this opinion cites

Earlier decisions in our library that the court cited:

• Air and Liquid Systems Corp. v. DeVries (U.S. Supreme Court, 2019). The Supreme Court affirmed the Third Circuit's judgment vacating summary judgment for the equipment manufacturers (Air and Liquid Systems, CBS, Foster Wheeler, Ingersoll Rand, General Electric) and sent the case back so the District Court could reconsider under the Court's own duty-to-warn test, which favored the veterans' families.
• Thomasson v. Air & Liquid Systems Corporation (U.S. District Court, District of New Jersey, 2015). The court granted the unopposed summary judgment motions of the moving defendants (including Goulds, Bechtel, Warren, Trane, FMC, General Electric, Foster Wheeler and CBS) against plaintiff Claire Thomasson, and denied MetLife's motion to dismiss without prejudice while allowing 45 days of added discovery.

The court's opinion

The text below is Google Scholar's copy of the court's opinion, a public record. Numbers in brackets, such as [*921], mark where each page of the printed reporter begins.

IN RE: ASBESTOS LITIGATION.

KENT E. MOSHER and CATHY MOSHER, Plaintiffs,

v.

ABB, INC., etal., Defendants.

Civil Action No. 18-410-LPS-SRF.

November 20, 2019.

United States District Court, D. Delaware.

Kent E. Mosher & Cathy Mosher, his wife, Plaintiffs, represented by Adam Balick, Balick & Balick, LLC, Andrew Caulfield Dalton, Dalton & Associates P.A., Bartholomew J. Dalton, Dalton & Associates P.A., Ipek Kurul Medford, Dalton & Associates, P.A., Michael Caulfield Dalton, Dalton & Associates P.A. & Michael Collins Smith, Balick & Balick, LLC. ABB, Inc., as successor to ITE Circuit Breakers, Inc., Defendant, represented by Oleh V. Bilynsky, O'Brien Firm. Air & Liquid Systems Corporation, as successor by merger to Buffalo Pumps, Inc. & The Fairbanks Company, Defendants, represented by Timothy A. Sullivan, III, Wilbraham, Lawler & Buba.

Aurora Pump Company & Crosby Valve LLC, Defendants, represented by Donald Robert Kinsley, Maron Marvel Bradley & Anderson LLC & Paul A. Bradley, Maron Marvel Bradley & Anderson LLC.

Crane Co., Defendant, represented by Francis C. Gondek, Swartz Campbell LLC, Nicholas E. Skiles, Swartz Campbell LLC & Allison L. Texter, Swartz Campbell LLC.

FMC Corporation, on behalf of its former Chicago Pump & Northern Pump Businesses & Pfizer, Inc., Defendants, represented by Neal C. Glenn, Kelley Jasons McGowan Spinelli & Hanna LLP & Daniel Patrick Daly, Casarino Christman Shalk Ransom & Doss, P.A.

Gardner Denver, Inc., Defendant, represented by Matthew P. Donelson, Eckert Seamans Cherin & Mellott, LLC. Goulds Pumps, LLC & ITT LLC, Defendants, represented by Kelly A. Costello, Morgan Lewis & Bockius LLP. IMO Industries, Inc., Defendant, represented by Eileen M. Ford, Marks, O'Neill, O'Brien, Doherty & Kelly, P.C. Siemens Industry, Inc., successor in interest to Siemens Energy & Automation, Inc., Defendant, represented by Joelle Florax, Rawle & Henderson LLP & Stephanie Michelle Smith, Rawle & Henderson LLP.

Union Carbide Corporation, Defendant, represented by Joseph S. Naylor, Swartz Campbell LLC & Bryan Patrick Smith, Swartz Campbell LLC.

Warren Pumps, LLC., Defendant, represented by Ana Marina McCann, Marshall, Dennehey, Warner, Coleman & Goggin, Armand J. Della Porta, Jr., Marshall, Dennehey, Warner, Coleman & Goggin & Jessica Lee Tyler, Marshall, Dennehey, Warner, Coleman & Goggin.

Gould Electronics Inc., Defendant, represented by David Phillip Primack, McElroy Deutsch Mulvaney & Carpenter LLP. Siemens Industry, Inc., successor in interest to Siemens Energy & Automation, Inc., Cross Claimant, represented by Joelle Florax, Rawle & Henderson LLP & Stephanie Michelle Smith, Rawle & Henderson LLP.

Siemens Industry, Inc., successor in interest to Siemens Energy & Automation, Inc., Cross Defendant, represented by Joelle Florax, Rawle & Henderson LLP & Stephanie Michelle Smith, Rawle & Henderson LLP.

ABB, Inc., as successor to ITE Circuit Breakers, Inc., Cross Defendant, represented by Oleh V. Bilynsky, O'Brien Firm. Air & Liquid Systems Corporation, as successor by merger to Buffalo Pumps, Inc. & The Fairbanks Company, Cross Defendants, represented by Timothy A. Sullivan, III, Wilbraham, Lawler & Buba.

Aurora Pump Company & Crosby Valve LLC, Cross Defendants, represented by Paul A. Bradley, Maron Marvel Bradley & Anderson LLC & Donald Robert Kinsley, Maron Marvel Bradley & Anderson LLC.

Crane Co., Cross Defendant, represented by Nicholas E. Skiles, Swartz Campbell LLC & Allison L. Texter, Swartz Campbell LLC.

Goulds Pumps, LLC & ITT LLC, Cross Defendants, represented by Kelly A. Costello, Morgan Lewis & Bockius LLP. IMO Industries, Inc., Cross Defendant, represented by Eileen M. Ford, Marks, O'Neill, O'Brien, Doherty & Kelly, P.C. Union Carbide Corporation, Cross Defendant, represented by Joseph S. Naylor, Swartz Campbell LLC.

FMC Corporation, on behalf of its former Chicago Pump & Northern Pump Businesses & Pfizer, Inc., Cross Defendants, represented by Neal C. Glenn, Kelley Jasons McGowan Spinelli & Hanna LLP & Daniel Patrick Daly, Casarino Christman Shalk Ransom & Doss, P.A.

Warren Pumps, LLC., Cross Defendant, represented by Ana Marina McCann, Marshall, Dennehey, Warner, Coleman & Goggin, Armand J. Della Porta, Jr., Marshall, Dennehey, Warner, Coleman & Goggin & Jessica Lee Tyler, Marshall, Dennehey, Warner, Coleman & Goggin.

Aurora Pump Company & Crosby Valve LLC, Cross Claimants, represented by Donald Robert Kinsley, Maron Marvel Bradley & Anderson LLC & Paul A. Bradley, Maron Marvel Bradley & Anderson LLC.

FMC Corporation, on behalf of its former Chicago Pump & Northern Pump Businesses & Pfizer, Inc., Cross Claimants, represented by Neal C. Glenn, Kelley Jasons McGowan Spinelli & Hanna LLP & Daniel Patrick Daly, Casarino Christman Shalk Ransom & Doss, P.A.

Air & Liquid Systems Corporation, as successor by merger to Buffalo Pumps, Inc. & The Fairbanks Company, Cross Claimants, represented by Timothy A. Sullivan, III, Wilbraham, Lawler & Buba.

Gould Electronics Inc., Cross Claimant, represented by David Phillip Primack, McElroy Deutsch Mulvaney & Carpenter LLP. Gould Electronics Inc., Cross Defendant, represented by David Phillip Primack, McElroy Deutsch Mulvaney & Carpenter LLP.

Warren Pumps, LLC., Cross Claimant, represented by Ana Marina McCann, Marshall, Dennehey, Warner, Coleman & Goggin, Armand J. Della Porta, Jr., Marshall, Dennehey, Warner, Coleman & Goggin & Jessica Lee Tyler, Marshall, Dennehey, Warner, Coleman & Goggin.

Cathy Mosher, his wife & Kent E. Mosher, Cross Defendants, represented by Adam Balick, Balick & Balick, LLC, Andrew Caulfield Dalton, Dalton & Associates P.A., Bartholomew J. Dalton, Dalton & Associates P.A., Ipek Kurul Medford, Dalton & Associates, P.A., Michael Caulfield Dalton, Dalton & Associates P.A. & Michael Collins Smith, Balick & Balick, LLC. ABB, Inc., as successor to ITE Circuit Breakers, Inc., Cross Claimant, represented by Oleh V. Bilynsky, O'Brien Firm. IMO Industries, Inc., Cross Claimant, represented by Eileen M. Ford, Marks, O'Neill, O'Brien, Doherty & Kelly, P.C. REPORT AND RECOMMENDATION

SHERRY R. FALLON, Magistrate Judge.

I. INTRODUCTION

Presently before the court in this asbestos-related personal injury action is a motion for summary judgment pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56 filed by Air & Liquid Systems Corporation ("Air & Liquid").[1] (D.I. 124) For the following reasons, I recommend GRANTING defendant's motion for summary judgment.[2]

II. BACKGROUND

a. Procedural History

On January 25, 2018, plaintiffs Kent E. Mosher ("Mr. Mosher") and Cathy Mosher ("Mrs. Mosher") (collectively, "plaintiffs") originally filed this personal injury action against multiple defendants in the Superior Court of Delaware, asserting claims arising from Mr. Mosher's alleged harmful exposure to asbestos. (D.I. 1, Ex. 1) On March 16, 2018, the case was removed to this court by defendant Crane Co. pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §§ 1442(a)(1), the Federal Officer Removal Statute,[3] and 1446. (D.I. 1) On May 14, 2018, plaintiffs filed an amended complaint (the "First Amended Complaint"). (D.I. 51) On July 24, 2019, Air & Liquid filed the present motion for summary judgment. (D.I. 124)

b. Facts

Plaintiffs allege that Mr. Mosher developed mesothelioma as a result of exposure to asbestos-containing materials during his service as a boiler technician in the United States Navy and his career at the Henderson Mine. (D.I. 51 at ¶¶ 3, 13) Plaintiffs contend that Mr. Mosher was injured due to exposure to asbestos-containing products that defendants manufactured, sold, distributed, or installed. (Id. at ¶ 9) Accordingly, plaintiffs assert claims for negligence, strict liability, loss of consortium, and punitive damages. (Id. at ¶¶ 14-32)

Mr. Mosher was deposed on April 17 and 18, 2018. (D.I. 19; D.I. 125 at 1) Plaintiffs did not produce any other fact or product identification witnesses for deposition.

Mr. Mosher joined the United States Navy in August 1973. (D.I. 125, Ex. A at 10:5-6) In the spring of 1974, he was assigned to the USS Truett, a destroyer escort. (Id. at 10:15-18, 11:2-4) He served as a boiler technician in the fire room, standing watch and performing maintenance on boilers, pumps, valves, and strainers. (Id. at 11:15-12:2) In repairing pumps, Mr. Mosher replaced gaskets and packing. (Id. at 18:1-20:18) He described, generally, how he would remove all insulation and casing gasket bolts before removing the gaskets with a scraper or wire brush. (D.I. 130, Ex. A at 16:5-15) He used packing pullers and a pick to remove the dry packing in pieces. (Id. at 18:23-19:4) After removing the packing, Mr. Mosher cleaned the packing gland with a wire brush. (Id. at 19:24-20:5) He testified that replacing gaskets and packing produced dust, which he inhaled. (D.I. 125, Ex. A at 18:2-7, 20:6-16)

Mr. Mosher stated that he performed maintenance on a fire pump and identified Buffalo as the manufacturer of this pump. (D.I. 125, Ex. B at 157:21-158:9) He described how he was able to identify a Buffalo pump because of the pump's casing nameplate and information. (D.I. 125, Ex. A at 21:11-14) He stated that there was only one fire pump aboard the USS Truett, which supplied water for fire suppression systems. (D.I. 125, Ex. B at 157:24-158:1, 243:10-15) He was unsure whether the fire pump used mechanical seals, but stated that he did not need to repack the pump. (Id. at 244:1-17) Therefore, his work was limited to turning the pump's electric motor on and off, and he did not have to open the fire pump. (Id. at 244:18-245:9) He did not observe others perform work on the Buffalo fire pump. (Id. at 244:20-21)

Mr. Mosher was honorably discharged in August 1977. (D.I. 125, Ex. A at 10:7-10) He thereafter pursued civilian employment at Henderson Mine. (D.I. 130, Ex. A at 43:9-17) He was diagnosed with mesothelioma in December 2017. (D.I. 51 at ¶ 13)

III. LEGAL STANDARD

a. Summary Judgment

"The court shall grant summary judgment if the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law." Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). Material facts are those that could affect the outcome of the proceeding, and "a dispute about a material fact is `genuine' if the evidence is sufficient to permit a reasonable jury to return a verdict for the nonmoving party." Lamont v. New Jersey, 637 F.3d 177, 181 (3d Cir. 2011) (citing Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986); Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322-23 (1986)).

The moving party bears the initial burden of proving the absence of a genuinely disputed material fact. See Celotex, 477 U.S. at 321. The burden then shifts to the non-movant to demonstrate the existence of a genuine issue for trial, and the court must view the evidence in the light most favorable to the non-moving party. See Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co., Ltd. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 587 (1986); Williams v. Borough of West Chester, Pa., 891 F.2d 458, 460-61 (3d Cir. 1989); Scott v. Harris, 550 U.S. 372, 380 (2007). An assertion of whether or not a fact is genuinely disputed must be supported either by citing to "particular parts of materials in the record, including depositions, documents, electronically stored information, affidavits or declarations, stipulations (including those made for purposes of the motion only), admissions, interrogatory answers, or other materials," or by "showing that the materials cited do not establish the absence or presence of a genuine dispute, or that an adverse party cannot produce admissible evidence to support the fact." Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c)(1)(A) & (B). To defeat a motion for summary judgment, the nonmoving party must "do more than simply show that there is some metaphysical doubt as to the material facts." Matsushita, 475 U.S. at 586. The "mere existence of some alleged factual dispute between the parties will not defeat an otherwise properly supported motion for summary judgment;" rather, there must be enough evidence to enable a jury to reasonably find for the non-moving party on the issue. See Anderson, 477 U.S. at 247-49. "If the evidence is merely colorable, or is not significantly probative, summary judgment may be granted." Id. at 249-50 (internal citations omitted); see also Celotex, 477 U.S. at 322. If the non-movant fails to make a sufficient showing on an essential element of its case on which it bears the burden of proof, then the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. See Celotex, 477 U.S. at 322.

If a party fails to address another party's assertion of fact, the court may consider the fact undisputed, or grant summary judgment if the facts show that the movant is entitled to it. Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(e)(2)-(3).

b. Maritime Law: Substantial Factor Causation

The parties do not dispute that maritime law applies to all Naval and sea-based claims. (D.I. 102) In order to establish causation in a claim for asbestos-related personal injuries under maritime law, a plaintiff must show, for each defendant, "that (1) he was exposed to the defendant's product, and (2) the product was a substantial factor[4] in causing the injury he suffered." Lindstrom v. A-C Prod. Liab. Trust, 424 F.3d 488, 492 (6th Cir. 2005) (citing Stark v. Armstrong World Indus., Inc., 21 F. App'x 371, 375 (6th Cir. 2001)); Dumas v. ABB Grp., Inc., 2015 WL 5766460, at [*8] (D. Del. Sept. 30, 2015), report and recommendation adopted, 2016 WL 310724 (D. Del. Jan. 26, 2016); Mitchell v. Atwood & Morrill Co., 2016 WL 4522172, at [*3] (D. Del. Aug. 29, 2016), report and recommendation adopted, 2016 WL 5122668 (D. Del. Sept. 19, 2016); Denbow v. Air & Liquid Sys. Corp., 2017 WL 1199732, at [*4] (D. Del. Mar. 30, 2017), report and recommendation adopted, 2017 WL 1427247 (D. Del. Apr. 19, 2017).

"In establishing causation, a plaintiff may rely upon direct evidence (such as testimony of the plaintiff or Decedent who experienced the exposure, co-worker testimony, or eye-witness testimony) or circumstantial evidence that will support an inference that there was exposure to the defendant's product for some length of time."[5] Abbay v. Armstrong Int'l, Inc., 2012 WL 975837, at [*1] n.1 (E.D. Pa. Feb. 29, 2012) (citing Stark, 21 F. App'x at 376). On the other hand, "`[m]inimal exposure' to a defendant's product is insufficient [to establish causation]. Likewise, a mere showing that defendant's product was present somewhere at plaintiff's place of work is insufficient." Lindstrom, 424 F.3d at 492 (quoting Stark, 21 F. App'x at 376) (internal citation omitted). "Rather, the plaintiff must show `a high enough level of exposure that an inference that the asbestos was a substantial factor in the injury is more than conjectural.'" Abbay, 2012 WL 975837, at [*1] n.1 (quoting Lindstrom, 424 F.3d at 492). "Total failure to show that the defect caused or contributed to the accident will foreclose as a matter of law a finding of strict product[] liability." Stark, 21 F. App'x at 376 (citations omitted).

In Devries, the Supreme Court rejected "the more defendant-friendly bare-metal defense," which provided that "[i]f a manufacturer did not itself make, sell, or distribute the part or incorporate the part into the product, the manufacturer is not liable for harm caused by the integrated product...." Air & Liquid Systems Corp. v. Devries, 139 S. Ct. 986, 993 (2019). The Supreme Court held that a product manufacturer has a duty to warn in the context of maritime tort law "when (i) its product requires incorporation of a part, (ii) the manufacturer knows or has reason to know that the integrated product is likely to be dangerous for its intended uses, and (iii) the manufacturer has no reason to believe that the product's users will realize that danger." Id. at 987, 995-96.

IV. DISCUSSION

a. Applicable Standard

As a preliminary matter, plaintiffs assert that the standard articulated by the Supreme Court in Devries applies to defendant's motion for summary judgment and, under this standard, the motion for summary judgment should be denied. (D.I. 130 at 10-12) However, the bare-metal defense is not in issue here because Air & Liquid argues the lack of substantial factor causation under Lindstrom, i.e., the lack of sufficient product exposure and no nexus to causation of the alleged injuries. (D.I. 125 at 4-8)

Plaintiffs also argue that defendant is impermissibly attempting to prematurely shift the burden on summary judgment to plaintiffs and cite In re Asbestos Litig (Harding), C.A. No. 17-251-MN-SRF, 2019 WL 578282, at [*5] (D. Del. Jan. 22, 2019). (D.I. 130 at 8-9 & n. 43) In Harding, defendant argued that its motion for summary judgment should be granted because plaintiffs did not provide evidence that the products in issue contained asbestos. Harding, 2019 WL 578282, at [*5]. This case differs from Harding in that Air & Liquid is arguing that there is no genuine issue of material fact that the substantial factor causation test cannot be met based upon the evidence in the record. Therefore, the court recommends rejecting plaintiffs' argument on this point.

b. Product Exposure and Causation

Air & Liquid argues that plaintiffs cannot show that Air & Liquid's products were a substantial factor in causing Mr. Mosher's injury as required under maritime law because plaintiffs have not identified instances of exposure to a Buffalo pump equipped with asbestos-containing components. (D.I. 125 at 5) Furthermore, Air & Liquid contends that plaintiffs fail to offer evidence of asbestos exposure to support an inference of substantial factor causation that would amount to anything more than conjecture. (Id.) Mr. Mosher identified Buffalo Pumps as the manufacturer of the fire pump on which he performed maintenance. (D.I. 125, Ex. A at 20:19-22; Ex. B at 157:21-158:9) Mr. Mosher testified about his work on pumps generally, and specifically about his work on the fire pump. (D.I. 125, Ex. A at 18:2-18; Ex. B at 243:7-245:12) He admitted that his work on the fire pump was limited to turning its electric motor on and off, and that he was not present when other individuals performed other work on this pump. (D.I. 125, Ex. B at 244:18-245:9) Mr. Mosher testified that the Buffalo fire pump supplied water for the fire suppression system and there was no reason to heat the water. (Id. at 243:10-15) He could not recall whether the Buffalo fire pump used mechanical seals and packing, but testified that he did not repack the Buffalo fire pump. (Id. at 244:1-17)

Plaintiffs counter that Mr. Mosher was able to identify and describe the products he worked with in detail. (D.I. 130 at 12) Plaintiffs argue that their medical expert, Dr. Mark Ginsburg ("Dr. Ginsburg"), has opined that Mr. Mosher was exposed to asbestos and that this asbestos exposure caused his mesothelioma. (Id.) Plaintiffs contend that Buffalo Pumps' manuals for other types of pumps and other Naval documents illustrate that Buffalo pumps required asbestos packing. (Id. at 3-6) Although Mr. Mosher identified Buffalo pumps and described the pumps on which he performed maintenance, Mr. Mosher's testimony does not establish the "frequency, regularity, or proximity" of his work on Buffalo pumps to create a genuine issue of material fact regarding substantial factor causation. See Thomasson v. Air & Liquid Systems Corp., 2015 WL 1639730, at [*4] (D.N.J. Apr. 9, 2015). Mr. Mosher testified as to his work on pumps generally, but admitted that his exposure to Buffalo pumps was limited to turning the electric motor of the fire pump on and off, which did not require him to open the pump. (D.I. 125, Ex. B at 244:18-245:9) He was not present when other individuals performed work on the fire pump. (Id. at 244:20-21) Such "minimal exposure" to defendant's product is insufficient to provide a basis for the inference that Buffalo Pumps' product was a substantial factor in causing Mr. Mosher's injury. See Lindstrom, 424 F.3d at 492. Plaintiffs cite to correspondence between the Navy Department and Buffalo Pumps to illustrate that Buffalo supplied fire pumps to the Navy. (D.I. 130 at 4; Ex. D) However, the presence of a single Buffalo pump aboard the USS Truett is insufficient to establish causation. See Lindstrom, 424 F.3d at 492.

Furthermore, Dr. Ginsburg's written report provides a general opinion that "Mr. Mosher's cumulative exposure to asbestos was a substantial contributing cause of his malignant mesothelioma." (D.I. 130, Ex. K) Dr. Ginsburg's report does not create a genuine issue of material fact as to whether Mr. Mosher's exposure to a particular product, such as a Buffalo Pump was a substantial factor in causing Mr. Mosher's injury.

Plaintiffs identify Buffalo Pumps' manuals referring to distiller distillate pumps and centrifugal pumps, which plaintiffs admit are different types of pumps than the fire pump that Mr. Mosher recalls aboard the USS Truett. (D.I. 130 at 4-5; Ex. E; Ex. F)

Plaintiffs suggest that these other pumps are similar to the fire pump[6] in issue and, therefore, all Buffalo pumps required asbestos packing.[7] (D.I. 130 at 3-6) However, Mr. Mosher testified that he did not need to repack the fire pump. (D.I. 125, Ex. B at 244:1-17) Furthermore, Mr. Mosher's work on the fire pump was limited to turning the pump's motor on and off, and he was not required to open it to complete this work. (Id. at 244:18-245:9) Similarly, even assuming the authenticity of the Naval documents produced by the plaintiffs, such documents were written outside of the relevant time period. The Naval Machinery manual from the United States Naval Institute was published in 1941 and the Bureau of Ships manual was published in 1954, both of which predate Mr. Mosher's service as a boiler technician. (D.I. 130, Ex. G; Ex. H) Mr. Mosher was among the first group of sailors aboard the USS Truett for its maiden voyage. (D.I. 130, Ex. A at 11:5-12) As such, all of the equipment aboard the USS Truett was new. (Id. at 11:5-14)

Plaintiffs' evidence fails to create a genuine issue of material fact as to whether Air & Liquid's products were a substantial factor in causing Mr. Mosher's injuries. See Lindstrom, 424 F.3d at 492; Damon v. Aireon Manuf. Corp., 2015 WL 9461593, at [*1] n.1 (E.D. Pa. Sept. 1, 2015); Delatte v. A.W. Chesterton Co., 2011 WL 11439127, at [*1] n.1 (E.D. Pa. Feb. 28, 2011) (granting motion for summary judgment when plaintiff could not definitively testify that he worked on a Buffalo pump on even one occasion). Therefore, the court recommends granting Air & Liquid's motion for summary judgment.

c. Punitive Damages

The recommendation for granting defendant's motion for summary judgment for the reasons stated in section (IV)(b) supra eliminates the need to consider punitive damages.

V. CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, the court recommends granting defendant's motion for summary judgment. (C.A. No. 18-410, D.I. 124)

This Report and Recommendation is filed pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1)(B), Fed. R. Civ. P. 72(b)(1), and D. Del. LR 72.1. The parties may serve and file specific written objections within fourteen (14) days after being served with a copy of this Report and Recommendation. Fed. R. Civ. P. 72(b)(2). The objection and responses to the objections are limited to ten (10) pages each. The failure of a party to object to legal conclusions may result in the loss of the right to de novo review in the District Court. See Sincavage v. Barnhart, 171 F. App'x 924, 925 n.1 (3d Cir. 2006); Henderson v. Carlson, 812 F.2d 874, 878-79 (3d Cir. 1987).

The parties are directed to the court's Standing Order For Objections Filed Under Fed. R. Civ. P. 72, dated October 9, 2013, a copy of which is available on the court's website, http://www.ded.uscourts.gov.

[1] Air & Liquid is the successor-by-merger to Buffalo Pumps, Inc. ("Buffalo Pumps"). (D.I. 125 at 1) Plaintiffs refer to "Buffalo" as the brand of fire pump at issue in the instant motion so the court will adopt the reference for purposes of this Report and Recommendation. [2] The briefing for the pending motion is as follows: defendant's opening brief (D.I. 125), plaintiffs' answering brief (D.I. 130), and defendant's reply brief (D.I. 139).

[3] The Federal Officer Removal Statute permits removal of a state court action to federal court when, inter alia, such action is brought against "[t]he United States or any agency thereof or any officer (or any person acting under that officer) of the United States or of any agency thereof, in an official or individual capacity, for or relating to any act under color of such office." 28 U.S.C. § 1442(a)(1). [4] "Maritime law incorporates traditional `substantial factor' causation principles, and courts often look to the Restatement (Second) of Torts for a more helpful definition." Delatte v. A. W. Chesterton Co., 2011 WL 11439126, at [*1] n.1 (E.D. Pa. Feb. 28, 2011). The comments to the Restatement indicate that the word "substantial," in this context, "denote[s] the fact that the defendant's conduct has such an effect in producing the harm as to lead reasonable men to regard it as a cause, using that word in the popular sense, in which there always lurks the idea of responsibility." Restatement (Second) of Torts § 431 cmt. a (1965).

[5] However, "`substantial exposure is necessary to draw an inference from circumstantial evidence that the exposure was a substantial factor in causing the injury.'" Stark, 21 F. App'x at 376 (emphasis in original) (quoting Harbour v. Armstrong World Indus., Inc., 1991 WL 65201, at [*4] (6th Cir. Apr. 25, 1991)).

[6] The fire pump supplied water for the USS Truett's fire suppression system and did not need to heat the water it supplied. (D.I. 125, Ex. B at 243:10-15) Mr. Mosher could not recall whether the fire pump used a mechanical seal or a packing gland. (Id. at 244:1-17)

[7] Plaintiffs also cite defendant's responses to plaintiffs' interrogatories to suggest that all Buffalo pumps contained asbestos. (D.I. 130 at 3 n.15) However, defendant responded that some, but not all, Buffalo pumps were delivered with asbestos-containing packing and gaskets. (D.I. 130, Ex. C at 5-6)

Sources

• The opinion on Google Scholar
• Delaware asbestos laws
• Delaware asbestos exposure sites